The World's Healthiest Foods, Essential Guide for the Healthiest Way of Eating

references

SELECTED REFERENCES

Part 1: What are the World’s Healthiest Foods? and Part 2: The Healthiest Way of Eating Plan

Ames BN. Micronutrients prevent cancer and delay aging. Toxicol Lett 1998;103:5–18.

Baker BP, Benbrook CM, Groth E 3rd, et al. Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets. Food Addit Contam 2002;19(5):427–46.

Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, et al. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 2003;163(16):1897–904.

Bruce B, Spiller GA, Klevay LM, et al. A diet high in whole and unrefined foods favorably alters lipids, antioxidant defenses, and colon function. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19(1):61–7.

Clydesdale FM. Optimizing the diet with whole grains. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1994;34(5–6):453–71.

Craig WJ. Phytonutrients: guardians of our health. J Am Diet Assoc 1997;97(10 Suppl 2):S199–204.

Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load value: 2002. AJCN 2002;76(1):5–56.

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y, et al. A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94(5):391–8.

Grinder-Pedersen L, Rasmussen SE, Bugel S, et al. Effect of diets based on foods from conventional versus organic production on intake and excretion of flavonoids and markers of antioxidative defense in humans. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(19):5671–6.

Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1998;317(7169):1341–5.

Jacobs DR, Pereira MA, Meyer KA, et al. Fiber from whole grains, but not refined grains, is inversely associated with all-cause mortality in older women: the Iowa women’s health study. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19(3 Suppl):326S–330S.

Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, et al. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2001;134(12):1106–14.

Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1996;334(18):1156–62.

Liu Rui H. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr. 2004;134(12): 3479S–85S.

Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, et al. wholegrain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(3):412–9.

Lu C, Toepel K, Irish R, et al. Organic diets significantly lower children’s dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(2):260–3.

O’Dea K. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian aborigines. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1991;18(2):85–8.

Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1150–5.

Quattrucci E, Masci V. Nutritional aspects of food preservatives. Food Addit Contam 1992;9(5):515–25.

Reddy MB, Love M. The impact of food processing on the nutritional quality of vitamins and minerals. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;459:99–106.

Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344(1):3–10.

Slavin JL, Jacobs D, Marquart L. Grain processing and nutrition. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2001;21(1):49–66.

United States Congress. Organic Foods Production Act of 1990. Public Law 701–624: 1990; Title 21, U.S. 1990 Farm Bill.

Willett W, Stampfer MJ. Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124(1):17–27.

Worthington V. Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. J Altern Complement Med 2001;7(2):161–73.

Part 3: Healthiest Way of Cooking

Balogh Z, Gray JI, Gomaa EA, et al. Formation and inhibition of heterocyclic aromatic amines in fried ground beef patties. Food Chem Toxicol 2000;38(5):395–401.

Becalski A, Lau BP, Lewis D, et al. Acrylamide in foods: occurrence, sources, and modeling. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:802–8.

Bugianesi R, Salucci M, Leonardi C, et al. Effect of domestic cooking on human bioavailability of naringenin, chlorogenic acid, lycopene and betacarotene in cherry tomatoes. Eur J Nutr 2004;43(6):360–6.

Esterbauer H. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of lipid-oxidation products. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57(5 Suppl): 779S–785S; discussion 785S–786S.

Kikugawa K, Hiramoto K, Kato T. Prevention of the formation of mutagenic and/or carcinogenic heterocyclic amines by food factors. Biofactors 2000;12(1–4):123–7.

Kimura M, Itokawa Y. Cooking losses of minerals in foods and its nutritional significance. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1990;36 Suppl 1:S25–32.

Larsson BK. Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the smoking and grilling of food. Prog Clin Biol Res 1986;206:169–80.

Livny O, Reifen R, Levy I, et al. betacarotene bioavailability from differently processed carrot meals in human ileostomy volunteers. Eur J Nutr 2003;42(6):338–45.

Mosha TC, Gaga HE, Pace RD, et al. Effect of blanching on the content of antinutritional factors in selected vegetables. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1995;47(4):361–7.

Muller JP, Steinegger A, Schlatter C. Contribution of aluminum from packaging materials and cooking utensils to the daily aluminum intake. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1993 Oct;197(4):332–41.

Nursal B, Yucecan S. Vitamin C losses in some frozen vegetables due to various cooking methods. Nahrung 2000;44(6):451–3.

Prochaska LJ, Nguyen XT, Donat N, et al. Effects of food processing on the thermodynamic and nutritive value of foods: literature and database survey. Med Hypotheses 2000 Feb;54(2):254–62.

Reddy MB, Love M. The impact of food processing on the nutritional quality of vitamins and minerals. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;459:99–106.

Thorkelsson G. The effect of processing on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile N-nitrosamines in cured and smoked lamb meat. Bibl Nutr Dieta 1989;188–98.

Vallejo F, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Viguera C. Phenolic compounds content in edible parts of broccoli inflorescences after domestic cooking. J Sci Food Agric 2003;83(14):1151–6.

Part 4: The World’s Healthiest Foods Support Healthy Cells

Ames, BN. Micronutrient deficiencies. A major cause of DNA damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;889:152–6.

Bland J. Genetic Nutritioneering. Lincolnwood, IL: Keats, a division of NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group, Inc.; 1999.

Groff JL, Gropper SS, Hunt SM. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. New York: West Publishing Company; 1995.

Levin B. Environmental nutrition: understanding the link between environment, food quality, and disease. Vashon Island, Washington: HingePin Publishing; 1999.

Mascio PD, Murphy ME, Sies H. Antioxidant defense systems: the role of Carotenoids, tocopherols, and thiols. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:194S–200S.

Moore D. Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of Nature vs, Nurture. New York: Henry Holt & Company; 2003.

Orzechowski A, Ostaszewski P, Jank M, et al. Bioactive substances of plant origin in food-impact on genomics. Reprod Nutr Dev 2002;42(5):461–77.

Pedersen B, Eggum BO. The influence of milling on the nutritive value of flour from cereal grains. Part 2. Wheat. Qual Plant Plant Fds Hum Nutr 1983;33:51–61.

Simopolous AP. Diet and Gene Interactions. Food Technology 1997;51(3):66–69.

Smith, J.D. Apolipoprotein E4: an allele associated with many diseases. Annals of Medicine 2000;32:118–27.

Toborek M, Hennig B. The role of linoleic acid in endothelial cell gene expression. Relationship to atherosclerosis. Subcell Biochem 1998;30:415–36

Part 5: 100 World’s Healthiest Foods

For more references on specific foods, please see the bottom of the individual food’s article on the whfoods.org website (http://whfoods.org/foodstoc.php)

FOOD CHAPTERS–GENERAL

Adel A. Kader. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, Second Edition. 1992. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3311.

Delahaut KA, Newenhouse AC. Growing Vegetable Crops in Wisconsin, A Guide for Fresh Market Growers. 1997, 1998 University of Wisconsin Extension Publication Series:A3684–A3688.

Ensminger AH, Ensminger, ME, Kondale JE, et al. Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia. Clovis, California: Pegus Press; 1986.

Fortin, Francois, Editorial Director. The Visual Foods Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1996.

Grieve M. A Modern Herbal. New York, NY: Dover Publications; 1973.

Kitinoja L, Kader AA. 1995. Small-scale postharvest handling practices: A manual for horticultural crops (3rd edition). Univ. Calif. Postharvest Horticulture Series No. 8.

Mendosa, R. Revised International Table of Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values—2002. www.mendosa.com/gilists.htm

Pizzorno Jr. JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine (2nd edition). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.

USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Food-2003. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Flav/flav.html

USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17 (2004). http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/

Wood, Rebecca. The Whole Foods Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall;1998.

VEGETABLE CHAPTERS

Ali M, Bordia T, Mustafa T. Effect of raw versus boiled aqueous extract of garlic and onion on platelet aggregation. Biofactors 2000;13(1–4):257–63.

Andorfer JH, Tchaikovskaya T, Listowsky I. Selective expression of glutathione S-transferase genes in the murine gastrointestinal tract in response to dietary organosulfur compounds. Carcinogenesis 2004;25(3):359–67.

Beecher C. Cancer preventive properties of varieties of Brassica oleracea: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(Suppl):166S–70S.

Blondin C, Chaubet F, Nardella A, et al. Relationships between chemical characteristics and anticomplementary activity of fucans. Biomaterials 1996 Mar;17(6):597–603.

Brown MJ, Ferruzzi MG, Nguyen ML, et al. Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):396–403.

Cheney G. Rapid healing of peptic ulcers in patients receiving fresh cabbage juice. Cal Med 70 (1949):10–14.

Edenharder R, Keller G, Platt KL, et al. Isolation and characterization of structurally novel antimutagenic flavonoids from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). J Agric Food Chem 2001;49(6):2767–73.

Etminan M, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F. The role of tomato products and lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(3):340–5.

Fahey JW, Haristoy X, Dolan PM et al. Sulforaphane inhibits extracellular, intracellular, and antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and prevents benzopyrene-induced stomach tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99(11):7610–5.

Fowke JH, Chung FL, Jin F, et al. Urinary isothiocyanate levels, brassica, and human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2003;63(14):3980–6.

Grube BJ, Eng ET, Kao YC, et al. White Button Mushroom Phytochemicals Inhibit Aromatase Activity and Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. J Nutr 2001;131(12):3288–93.

Hirano R, Sasamoto W, Matsumoto A, et al. Antioxidant ability of various flavonoids against DPPH radicals and LDL oxidation. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001;47(5):357–62.

Hou WC, Chen YC, Chen HJ, et al. Antioxidant activities of trypsin inhibitor, a 33 KDa root storage protein of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam cv. Tainong 57). J Agric Food Chem 2001;49(6):2978–81.

Huxley RR, Neil HAW. The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:904–908.

Ioku K, Aoyama Y, Tokuno A, et al. Various cooking methods and the flavonoid content in onion. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001;47(1):78–83.

Johnson IT. Glucosinolates: bioavailability and importance to health. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2002 Jan;72(1):26–31.

Jong SC, Birmingham JM. Medicinal and therapeutic value of the shiitake mushroom. Adv Appl Microbiol 1993;39:153–84.

Jorge PA, Neyra LC, Osaki RM, et al. Effect of eggplant on plasma lipid levels, lipidic peroxidation and reversion of endothelial dysfunction in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Arq Bras Cardiol 1998;70(2):87–91.

Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ, et al. The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124(6):903–15.

Kusano S, Abe H. Antidiabetic activity of white skinned sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in obese Zucker fatty rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2000;23(1):23–6.

Longnecker MP, Newcomb PA, Mittendorf R, et al. Intake of carrots, spinach, and supplements containing vitamin A in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6(11):887–92.

Lopez Ledesma R, Frati Munari AC, Hernandez Dominguez BC, et al. Monounsaturated fatty acid (avocado) rich diet for mild hypercholesterolemia. Arch Med Res 1996;27(4):519–23.

Ludikhuyze L, Rodrigo L, Hendrickx M. The activity of myrosinase from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Italica): influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. J Food Prot. 2000;63(3):400–3.

Martinez-Dominguez E, de la Puerta R, Ruiz-Gutierrez V. Protective effects upon experimental inflammation models of a polyphenol-supplemented virgin olive oil diet. Inflamm Res 2001;50(2):102–6.

McKillop DJ, Pentieva K, Daly D. The effect of different cooking methods on folate retention in various foods that are amongst the major contributors to folate intake in the UK diet. Br J Nutr. 2002;88(6):681–8.

Michnovicz JJ, Bradlow HL. Altered estrogen metabolism and excretion in humans following consumption of indole-3-carbinol. Nutr Cancer 1991;16(1):59–66.

Nanba H, Mori K, Toyomasu T, et al. Antitumor action of shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fruit bodies orally administered to mice. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1987;35(6):2453–8.

Nishimura H, Takahashi T, Wijaya CH, et al. Thermochemical transformation of sulfur compounds in Japanese domestic Allium, Allium victorialis L. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(26):7684–90.

Noda Y, Kneyuki T, Igarashi K, et al. Antioxidant activity of nasunin, an anthocyanin in eggplant peels. Toxicology 2000;148(2–3):119–23.

Sesso HD, Liu S, Gaziano JM, et al. Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr;133(7):2336–41.

Sheela CG, Kumud K, Augusti KT. Anti-diabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Planta Med. 1995;61(4):356–7.

Skoldstam L, Hagfors L, Johansson G. An experimental study of a Mediterranean diet intervention for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(3):208–14.

Song K, Milner JA. The influence of heating on the anticancer properties of garlic. American Society for Nutritional Sciences. 2001 [Supplement]:1054S–1057S.

Stintzing FC, Schieber A, Carle R. Identification of beta-lains from yellow beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cactus pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.] by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(8):2302–7.

Tavani A, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Food and nutrient intake and risk of cataract. Ann Epidemiol 1996;6(1):41–46.

Terahara N, Konczak-Islam I, Nakatani M, et al. Anthocyanins in callus induced from purple storage root of Ipomoea batatas L. Phytochemistry 2000;54(8):919–22.

Tesoriere L, Butera D, D’Arpa D, et al. Increased resistance to oxidation of betalain-enriched human low density lipoproteins. Free Radic Res. 2003;37(6):689–96.

Tsi D, Tan BK. The mechanism underlying the hypocholesterolaemic activity of aqueous celery extract, its butanol and aqueous fractions in genetically hypercholesterolaemic RICO rats. Life Sci 2000;66(8):755–67.

Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Clinton SK, et al. Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr 2005;135(3):431–6.

Verhagen H, Poulsen HE, Loft S, et al. Reduction of oxidative DNA-damage in humans by Brussels sprouts. Carcinogenesis 1995;16(4):969–70.

Visioli F, Bellomo G, Galli C. Free radical-scavenging properties of olive oil polyphenols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;247(1):60–4.

Willcox JK, Catignani GL, Lazarus S. Tomatoes and cadiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2003;43(1):1–18.

FRUIT CHAPTERS

Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, et al. Reduction of bacteriuria and pyruia after using cranberry juice. JAMA 1994;272:590.

Boyer J, Liu RH. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutr J 2004;3(1):5.

Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, et al. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(6):883–92.

Committee on Safety of Medicines. Interactions between warfarin and cranberry juice: new advice. Curr Prob Pharmacovigil 2004;30:9.

Dahan A, Altman H. Food-drug interaction: grapefruit juice augments drug bioavailability—mechanism, extent and relevance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(1):1–9.

Dunjic BS, Svensson I, Axelson J, et al. Green banana protection of gastric mucosa against experimentally induced injuries in rats. A multicomponent mechanism. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993;28(10):894–8.

Forastiere F, Pistelli R, Sestini P, et al. Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children. SIDRIA Collaborative Group, Italy (Italian Studies on Respiratory Disorders in Children and the Environment). Thorax. 2000;55(4):283–8.

Freedman JE, Parker C 3rd, Li L, et al. Select flavonoids and whole juice from purple grapes inhibit platelet function and enhance nitric oxide release. Circulation 2001;103(23):2792–8.

Hills BA, Kirwood CA. Surfactant approach to the gastric mucosal barrier: Protection of rats by banana even when acidified. Gastroenterology 1989;97:294–303.

Honow R, Laube N, Schneider A, et al. Influence of grapefruit-, orange- and apple-juice consumption on urinary variables and risk of crystallization. Br J Nutr Aug;90(2):295–300.

Kahkonen MP, Hopia AI, Heinonen M. Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49(8):4076–82.

Kalt W, Forney CF, Martin A, et al. Antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics, and anthocyanins after fresh storage of small fruits. J Agric Food Chem 1999;47(11):4638–44.

Karakaya S, El SN, Tas AA. Antioxidant activity of some foods containing phenolic compounds. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2001;52(6):501–8.

Kurowska EM, Manthey JA. Hypolipidemic effects and absorption of citrus polymethoxylated flavones in hamsters with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(10):2879–86.

Liu M, Li XQ, Weber C, et al. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of raspberries. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(10):2926–30.

Miyagi Y, Miwa K, Inoue H. Inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation by flavonoids in red wine and grape juice. Am J Cardiol 1997;80(12):1627–31.

Pearson DA, Tan CH, German JB, et al. Apple juice inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation. Life Sci 1999;64(21):1913–20.

Rakhimov MR. Pharmacological study of papain from the papaya plant cultivated in Uzbekistan (Article in Russian). Eksp Klin Farmakol 2000;63(3):55–7.

Rimando AM, Kalt W, Magee JB, et al. Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and piceatannol in vaccinium berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(15):4713–9.

Rodrigues A, Sandstrom A, Ca T, et al. Protection from cholera by adding lime juice to food—results from community and laboratory studies in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2000;5(6):418–22.

Sable-Amplis R, Sicart R, Agid R. Further studies on the cholesterol-lowering effect of apple in humans. Biochemical mechanisms involved. Nutr Res 1983;3:325–8.

Serraclara A, Hawkins F, Perez C, et al. Hypoglycemic action of an oral fig-leaf decoction in type-I diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998;39(1):19–22.

Simon JA, Hudes ES, Perez-Perez GI. Relation of serum ascorbic acid to Helicobacter pylori serology in US adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Coll Nutr;22(4):283–9.

Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X, et al. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2002 Dec 4;50(25):7449–54.

Tona L, Kambu K, Ngimbi N, et al. Antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some Congolese medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;61(1):57–65.

Tsao R, Yang R, Young JC, et al. Polyphenolic profiles in eight apple cultivars using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J Agric Food Chem 2003;51(21):6347–53.

Walker AF, Bundy R, Hicks SM, et al. Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Phytomedicine 2002;9(8):681–6.

Wills RB, Scriven FM, Greenfield H. Nutrient composition of stone fruit (Prunus spp.) cultivars: apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum. J Sci Food Agric 1983;34(12):1383–9.

FISH & SHELLFISH CHAPTERS

Bernard-Gallon DJ, Vissac-Sabatier C, Antoine-Vincent D et al. Differential effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene expression in breast cell lines. Br J Nutr 2002;87(4):281–9.

Cho E, Hung S, Willett WC, et al. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2):209–18.

Environmental Working Group. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in farmed versus wild salmon sold in the United States (http://www.ewg.org/reports/farmedPCBs). July 30, 2003.

Erkkila A, Lichtenstein A, Mozaffarian D, et al. Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(3):626–32.

Fernandez E, Chatenoud L, La Vecchia C, et al. Fish consumption and cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(1):85–90.

Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, et al. Risk-based consumption advice for farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon contaminated with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(5):552–6.

He K, Song Y, Daviglus ML, et al. Fish consumption and incidence of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1538–42.

Iribarren C, Markovitz JH, Jacobs DR, et al. Dietary intake of n-3, n-6 fatty acids and fish: Relationship with hostility in young adults—the CARDIA study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(1):24–31.

Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MP, Ocke M, et al. Dietary intake of fatty aids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology. 2004;62(2):275–80.

Noaghiul S, Hibbeln JR. Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(12):2222–7.

Rose DP, Connolly JM. Omega-3 fatty acids as cancer chemopreventive agents. Pharmacol Ther 1999;83(3):217–44.

Storey A, McArdle F, Friedmann PS, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid reduce UVB- and TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 secretion in keratinocytes and UVB-induced IL-8 in fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;124(1):248–55.

NUTS & SEEDS CHAPTERS

Bradamante S, Barenghi L, Villa A. Cardiovascular protective effects of resveratrol. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2004;22(3):169–88.

Brooks JD, Ward WE, Lewis JE, et al. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(2):318–25.

Chen CY, Milbury PE, Lapsley K, et al. Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. J Nutr 2005;135(6):1366–73.

Fraser GE. Nut consumption, lipids, and risk of a coronary event. Clin Cardiol 1999;22(7 Suppl):III11–5.

Fukuda T, Ito H, Yoshida T. Antioxidative polyphenols from walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Phytochemistry; 63(7):795–801.

Hirata F, Fujita K, Ishikura Y, et al. Hypocholesterolemic effect of sesame lignan in humans. Atherosclerosis 1996;122(1):135–36.

Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a review of epidemiologic evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 1999;1(3):204–9.

Lucas EA, Wild RD, Hammond LJ, et al. Flaxseed improves lipid profile without altering biomarkers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87(4):1527–32.

Nesbitt PD, Thompson LU. Lignans in homemade and commercial products containing flaxseed. Nutr Cancer 1997;29(3):222–7.

Ros E, Nunez I, Perez-Heras A, et al. A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Circulation 2004;109(13):1609–14.

Tapsell LC, Gillen LJ, Patch CS, et al. Including Walnuts in a Low-Fat/Modified-Fat Diet Improves HDL Cholesterol-to-Total Cholesterol Ratios in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(12):2777–83.

Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Hu FB, et al. Frequent nut consumption and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(1):76–81.

Wien MA, Sabate JM, Ikle DN, et al. Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27(11):1365–72.

Yamashita K, Nohara Y, Katayama K, et al. Sesame seed lignans and gamma-tocopherol act synergistically to produce vitamin E activity in rats. J Nutr 1992;122(12):2440–6.

Zhao G, Etherton TD, Martin KR, et al. Dietary {alpha}–Linolenic Acid Reduces Inflammatory and Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women. J Nutr 2004;134(11):2991–2997.

POULTRY & LEAN MEATS CHAPTERS

Dhonukshe-Rutten RA, Lips M, de Jong N et al. Vitamin B-12 status is associated with bone mineral content and bone mineral density in frail elderly women but not in men. J Nutr. 2003;133(3):801–7.

Hyun T, Barrett-Connor E, Milne D. Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2004:80(3):715–721.

Kiatoko M, McDowell LR, Bertrand JE, et al. Evaluating the nutritional status of beef cattle herds from four soil order regions of Florida. I. Macroelements, protein, carotene, vitamins A and E, hemoglobin and hematocrit. J Anim Sci 1982;55(1):28–37.

Neale RJ, Obanu ZA, Biggin RJ, et al. Protein quality and iron availability of intermediate moisture beef stored at 38 degrees C. Ann Nutr Aliment 1978;32(2–3):587–96.

BEANS & LEGUMES CHAPTERS

Azevedo L, Gomes JC, Stringheta PC, et al. Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a protective agent against DNA damage in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2003;41(12):1671–6.

Chen YM, Ho SC, Lam SS, et al. Soy isoflavones have a favorable effect on bone loss in Chinese postmenopausal women with lower bone mass: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(10):4740–7.

Desroches S, Mauger JF, Ausman LM, et al. Soy protein favorably affects LDL size independently of isoflavones in hypercholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr 2004;134(3):574–9.

Kritz-Silverstein D, Goodman-Gruen DL. Usual dietary isoflavone intake, bone mineral density, and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2002;11(1):69–78.

Lee MM, Gomez SL, Chang JS, et al. Soy and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers;12(7):665–8.

Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, et al. Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group. Eur J Epidemiol 1999;15(6):507–15.

Queiroz Kda S, de Oliveira AC, Helbig E et al. Soaking the common bean in a domestic preparation reduced the contents of raffinose-type oligosaccharides but did not interfere with nutritive value. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2002; 48(4):283–9.

Wagner JD, Schwenke DC, Greaves KA, et al. Soy protein with isoflavones, but not an isoflavone-rich supplement, improves arterial low-density lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23(12):2241–6.

DAIRY & EGGS CHAPTERS

Blumberg J, Johnson E. Lutein and disease prevention. Papers presented at the annual American Dietetic Association Conference, San Antonio, TX, October 26, 2003 and at the First International Scientific Symposium On Eggs and Human Health: The Transition from Restrictions to Recommendations, USDA, Washington, DC, September 23.

Cho HJ, Ham HS, Lee DS, et al. Effects of proteins from hen egg yolk on human platelet aggregation and blood coagulation. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26(10):1388–92.

Chung HY, Rasmussen HM, Johnson EJ. Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men. J Nutr 2004;134(8):1887–93.

Cornish J, Callon KE, Naot D, et al. Lactoferrin is a potent regulator of bone cell activity and increases bone formation in vivo. Endocrinology 2004;145(9):4366–74.

Meydani SN, Ha WK. Immunologic effects of yogurt. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(4):861–72.

Wang K, Li S, Liu C, et al. Effect of ingesting Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(3):737–41.

WHOLE GRAINS CHAPTERS

Anderson JW, Hanna TJ, Peng X, et al. Whole grain foods and heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19(3 Suppl):291S–9S.

Bach Knudsen KE, Serena A, Kjaer AK et al. Rye bread in the diet of pigs enhances the formation of enterolactone and increases its levels in plasma, urine and feces. J Nutr 2003; 133(5):1368–75.

Chen CY, Milbury PE, Kwak HK, et al. Avenanthramides phenolic acids from oats are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. J Nutr 2004;134(6):1459–66.

Delaney B, Nicolosi RJ, Wilson TA, et al. Beta-glucan fractions from barley and oats are similarly antiatherogenic in hypercholesterolemic Syrian golden hamsters. J Nutr 2003;133(2):468–75.

Hogberg L, Laurin P, Falth-Magnusson K, et al. Oats to children with newly diagnosed coeliac disease: a randomised double blind study. Gut 2004;53(5):649–654.

Jacobs DR, Pereira MA, Meyer KA, et al. Fiber from whole grains, but not refined grains, is inversely associated with all-cause mortality in older women: the Iowa women’s health study. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19 (3 Suppl):326S–330S.

Jenkins AL, Jenkins DJ, Zdravkovic U, et al. Depression of the glycemic index by high levels of beta-glucan fiber in two functional foods tested in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr;56(7):622–8.

Johnsen NF, Hausner H, Olsen A, et al. Intake of whole grains and vegetables determines the plasma enterolactone concentration of Danish women. J Nutr. 2004; 134(10):2691–7.

Juntunen KS, Laaksonen DE, Autio K, et al. Structural differences between rye and wheat breads but not total fiber content may explain the lower postprandial insulin response to rye bread. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(5):957–64.

McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, et al. Carbohydrate Nutrition, Insulin Resistance, and the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care 2004;27(2):538–546.

HERBS & SPICES CHAPTERS

al-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J Exp Biol 1999;37(2):124–30.

Borrelli F, Capasso R, Aviello G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(4):849–56.

Calucci L, Pinzino C, Zandomeneghi M et al. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the free radical and antioxidant contents in nine aromatic herbs and spices. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51(4):927–34.

Chithra V, Leelamma S. Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1999;36(1):59–61.

Deshpande UR, Gadre SG, Raste AS, et al. Protective effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1998;36(6):573–7.

Dorman HJ, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000 Feb;88(2):308–16.

Gonzalez R, Dunkel R, Koletzko B, et al. Effect of capsaicin-containing red pepper sauce suspension on upper gastrointestinal motility in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43(6):1165–71.

Hautkappe M, Roizen MF, Toledano A, et al. Review of the effectiveness of capsaicin for painful cutaneous disorders and neural dysfunction. Clin J Pain 1998;14:97–106.

Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, et al. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(12):3215–8.

Kiuchi F, Iwakami S, Shibuya M, et al. Inhibition of prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis by gingerols and diarylheptanoids. Chem Pharm Bull 1992;40(2):387–91.

Kubo I, Fujita K, Kubo A, et al. Antibacterial Activity of Coriander Volatile Compounds against Salmonella choleraesuis. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(11):3329–32.

Mujumdar AM, Dhuley JN, Deshmukh VK, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1990;43(3):95–100.

Nagabhushan M, Bhide SV. Curcumin as an inhibitor of cancer. J Am Coll Nutr. 1992;11(2):192–8.

Ouattara B, Simard RE, Holley RA, et al. Antibacterial activity of selected fatty acids and essential oils against six meat spoilage organisms. Int J Food Microbiol 1997;37(2–3):155–62.

Srivastava KC, Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Med Hypothesis 1992;39:342–8.

Zheng GQ, Kenney PM, Lam LK. Anethofuran, carvone, and limonene: potential cancer chemopreventive agents from dill weed oil and caraway oil. Planta Med 1992;58(4):338–41.

Part 6: Biochemical Individuality

Assimos DG, Holmes RP. Role of diet in the therapy of urolithiasis. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27(2):255–68.

Blanco C. Latex-fruit syndrome. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2003;3(1):47–53.

Conaway CC, Getahun SM, Liebes LL, et al. Disposition of glucosinolates and sulforaphane in humans after ingestion of steamed and fresh broccoli. Nutr Cancer 2000;38(2):168–78.

Crittenden RG, Bennett LE. Cow’s milk allergy: a complex disorder. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24(6 Suppl): 582S–91S.

Curhan GC. Epidemiologic evidence for the role of oxalate in idiopathic nephrolithiasis. J Endourol 1999; 13(9):629–31.

Dalvi RR, Bowie WC. Toxicology of solanine: an overview. Vet Hum Toxicol 1983;25(1):13–5.

Environmental Working Group. Report card: pesticides in produce. http://www.foodnews.org/reportcard.php

Gunnison AF, Jacobsen DW. Sulfite hypersensitivity. A critical review. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1987;17(3):185–214.

Palosuo K, Varjonen E, Kekki OM, et al. Wheat omega-5 gliadin is a major allergen in children with immediate allergy to ingested wheat. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108(4):634–8.

Sarwar G, Brule D. Assessment of the uricogenic potential of processed foods based on the nature and quantity of dietary purines. Prog Food Nutr Sci 1991;15(3):159–81.

Sheen SJ. Detection of nicotine in foods and plant materials. J Food Sci 1988;53(5):1572–3.

Urbano G, Lopez-Jurado M, Aranda P, et al. The role of phytic acid in legumes: antinutrient or beneficial function? Physiol Biochem 2000;56(3):283–94.

Varjonen E, Vainio E, Kalimo K Antigliadin lgE—indicator of wheat allergy in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2000;55(4):386–91.

Vatn MH, Grimstad IA, Thorsen L, et al. Adverse reaction to food: assessment by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge and clinical, psychosomatic and immunologic analysis. Digestion 1995;56(5):421–8.

Part 7: Health-Promoting Nutrients from the World’s Healthiest Foods

For more references on specific nutrients, please see the bottom of the individual nutrients articles on the whfoods.org website (http://whfoods.org/nutrientstoc.php)

Adlercreutz H, Mazur W. Phytooestrogens and Western diseases. Ann Med 1997;29(2):95–120.

Agarwal S, Rao AV. Carotenoids and chronic diseases. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2000;17(1–4):189–210.

Chandra RK. Micronutrients and immune functions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;587:9–16.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1997.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2005.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1998.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2004.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition of Dietary Fiber. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2001.

Institute of Medicine. The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1999.

Middleton E, Kandaswami C. Effects of flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell function. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;43(6):1167–1179.



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