Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb1 , Elvis Álvarez Carnero2 and Eduardo Iglesias-Gutiérrez3
(1)
Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
(2)
Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Malaga, Málaga, Spain
(3)
Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb
Email: jacalyn.mccomb@ttu.edu
Abstract
Women energy requirements need be balance with total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). Hence, meeting of energy needs for all components of TDEE must be the most important concern for active females. Resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) are the most important components of TDEE; where the most variable is the PAEE. The quantification of each component implies time consuming and expensive techniques, which are unviable in field and clinical settings. However, indirect methods have been developed to allow coaches, physicians, and nutritionists estimate TDEE. In this chapter, we cover the physiological relevance of RMR, TEF, and PAEE, and the indirect ways to obtain estimations of their values. On the other hand, other variables factors affecting TDEE as adaptive thermogenesis and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) are highlighted. Finally, a case study is suggested in order to introduce basic metabolic calculations and physical activity level (PAL) concept.
Keywords
EnergyMETCalorieBasal metabolic rateResting metabolic rate
27.1 Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should have an understanding of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
27.2 Introduction
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Energy requirements are based on the energy needs for optimal growth and development for each individual at their stage in life in order to maximize long-term good health. Energy requirements for humans are not the same as nutritional requirements (nutritional requirements are discussed in Chaps. 28–29 and 31–32 of this book). Even though we do discuss the difference between nutritional requirements and energy requirements briefly, the focus of this chapter is on the estimation of energy requirements. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation’s (FAO) report, FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1 define energy requirements as:
the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order to maintain body size, body composition and a level of necessary and desirable physical activity consistent with long-term good health. This includes the energy needed for the optimal growth and development of children, for the deposition of tissues during pregnancy, and for the secretion of milk during lactation consistent with the good health of mother and child [1].
27.3 Research Findings and Nutritional Terminology
It can be confusing for the novice reader when terms are readily exchanged from one source to another when discussing energy. The terms Calorie, calorie, and kcal are often used when discussing energy. Other interchangeably used terms when discussing TEE are basal metabolic rate (BMR) rather than BEE, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) rather than REE. In the next section that follows, we will clarify some of the terms used when discussing energy requirements.
27.3.1 Terms Used When Discussing Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
27.3.1.1 Calorie (Capital C or Uppercase C), Calories (Lowercase c), and Kilocalorie
The difference in expressing heat energy with an uppercase C, Calorie, or a lowercase c, calorie, can be a source of confusion. The calorie (lowercase c) is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 ml or 1 g of water at 15 °C by 1 °C, or from 14.5 to 15.5 °C. In the context of foods and nutrition, “large calorie” (i.e., Calorie) with an uppercase C has been used traditionally [2]. When an uppercase C is used to express “Calorie” it is 1,000 cal and is referred to as a kilocalorie (abbreviated as kcal). A Calorie or kcal expresses the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg (1 L) of water 1 °C (specifically from 14.5 to 15.5 °C). The term kcal is used in the context of food and nutrition because the amount of energy involved in metabolism of food is fairly large.
27.3.1.2 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Most simply stated, the BMR describes the rate of energy expenditure that occurs in the postabsorptive state (after an overnight fast with no food consumption for 12–14 h), resting comfortably, supine, awake, and motionless in a thermoneutral environment. In this state, food and physical activity have minimal influence on metabolism. The BMR thus reflects the energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues, plus the energy needed to maintain blood circulation, respiration, and gastrointestinal and renal processing (i.e., the basal cost of living). BMR thus includes the energy cost associated with remaining awake (the cost of arousal). The sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) during the morning is 5–10 % lower than BMR during the morning hours [3]. The verbatim definition for BMR that appears in the FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1 is as follows:
The amount of energy used for basal metabolism in a period of time is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR), and is measured under standard conditions that include being awake in the supine position after ten to 12 hrs of fasting and eight hrs of physical rest, and being in a state of mental relaxation in an ambient environmental temperature that does not elicit heat-generating or heat-dissipating processes [1].
From a physiological point of view, the concept of BMR is:
… the amount of energy in basal (humans) or standard (animals) state, when no work is done and all energy is dissipated ….
the steady-state rate of heat production by a whole organism under a set of “standard” conditions … these conditions are that the individual is an adult and is awake but resting, stress free, not digesting food, and maintained at a temperature that elicits no thermoregulatory effect on heat production … BMR is measured either as heat production, or indirectly as oxygen consumption from which it can be accurately predicted [4].
27.3.1.3 Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE)
The BMR is commonly extrapolated to 24 h to be more meaningful, and it is then referred to as basal energy expenditure (BEE), expressed as kcal/24 h. It is most simply defined as the minimal amount of energy in kcal that is compatible with life over a 24 h period. All of the conditions associated with BMR (no food consumption for 12–14 h, resting comfortably, supine, awake, and motionless in a thermoneutral environment) must be met for BEE [2].
27.3.1.4 Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
RMR has traditionally been proposed to be a surrogate of BMR. If any of the conditions for BMR have not been met (early morning assessment following a 12–14 h fast, no physical exercise following awakening, remaining awake but motionless, supine, comfortable and in a thermoneutral environment) then energy expenditure is referred to as RMR. Resting metabolic rate energy expenditure under resting conditions tends to be somewhat higher (10–20 %) than under basal conditions due to increases in energy expenditure caused by recent food intake (i.e., by the “thermic effect of food”) or by the delayed effect of recently completed physical activity [2].
27.3.1.5 Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)
When RMR is extrapolated to 24 h, then it is then referred to as resting energy expenditure (REE), expressed as kcal/24 h. It is most simply defined as resting energy expenditure expressed in kcal over a 24 h period [5]. This term is used when all of the standard conditions required for BMR have not been met.
27.3.1.6 Thermic Effect of Food
The thermic effect of food (TEF) is the energy we spend to digest, absorb, distribute and store the nutrients ingested [2]. The type of food that you eat will have an effect on TEF, for example, spicy foods increase TEF.
27.3.1.7 Energy Balance
Daily energy balance fluctuates considerably, yet over the long term, energy balance is very precise. Positive and negative energy balances result in weight gain and weight loss, accordingly, mainly in the form of fat. The amount of fat stored in an adult of normal weight commonly ranges from 13.2 to 44 lb (6–20 kg). Body fat energy reserves range from approximately 50,000–200,000 kcal since 1 g of fat provides 9.4 kcal. This vast store of energy reserves provides a large buffer capacity as well as the ability to provide energy to survive for several months of severe food deprivation. Large deviations of energy balance, both positive and negative, occur daily by several hundred kcal/day in both normal and overweight subjects. Yet over the long term, energy balance is maintained implying that the cumulative error in adjusting energy intake to expenditure amounts to less than 2 % of energy expenditure [2].
27.3.1.8 Estimated Energy Requirement
According to the Dietary Reference Intakes [2], the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is defined as “the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy, adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health.”
27.3.1.9 Metabolic Equivalent
The Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET), or simply metabolic equivalent, is a physiological measure expressing the energy cost of physical activities and is defined as the ratio of metabolic rate (and therefore the rate of energy consumption) during a specific physical activity to a reference metabolic rate, set by convention to 3.5 ml O2 kg−1 min−1 or equivalently, 1 MET = 1 kcal kg−1 h−1 [6]. MET is used as a means of expressing the intensity and energy expenditure of activities in a way comparable among persons of different weight. If someone is working at 10 METs, it is implied that they are working ten times above their resting rate.
27.3.1.10 Compendium of Physical Activities
The Compendium of Physical Activities was developed for use in epidemiologic studies to standardize the assignment of MET intensities in physical activity questionnaires. Compendium activities are classified by a 5-digit code that identifies the category (heading) as the first two digits and type (description) of activity as the last three digits. Metabolic equivalents are listed for each activity. The calculation from METs to calories is very easy since 1 MET = 1 kcal kg−1 h−1. For example if an activity has a MET value of 7 METs then 7 METs = 7 kcal kg−1 h−1. The compendium has been used in studies worldwide to assign intensity units to physical activity questionnaires and to develop innovative ways to assess energy expenditure in physical activity studies. The compendium was published in 1993 and updated in 2000 and 2011 [6]. Appendix 1 has the updated version published in 2011: You can also find the compendium and modified versions of the compendium at https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/[7].
27.3.2 Energy Requirements Versus Nutrient Requirements
Recommendations for nutrient intakes are generally set to provide an ample supply of the various nutrients needed for all healthy individuals in a given life stage and gender group. Recommended intakes are thus set to correspond to the median amounts sufficient to meet a specific criterion of adequacy plus two standard deviations to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals.
However, this is not the case with energy. Excess energy cannot be eliminated, and this energy is eventually deposited in the form of body fat. This reserve provides a means to maintain metabolism during periods of limited food intake, but it can also result in obesity.
An excellent reference text entitled, Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) [2] details the nutrient and energy needs of individuals at all stages of life. This project was funded in part by the United States Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. A free PDF copy can be downloaded at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id = 10490.
27.3.3 Energy Requirements
Energy requirements are directly related to the components of energy expenditure. In 1985, The World Health Organization stated that “as a matter of principle, we believe the estimates of energy requirements should, as far as possible, be based on estimates of energy expenditure.” [8] Several modifications are proposed in the updated FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1 published in 2004 from the former report published in 1985 [1, 8]. The 2004 report is a result of an expert consultation held in Rome, October 17–24 in 2001. Representing agencies included The United Nations University, World Health Organization and The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This report can be downloaded free of charge at http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5686e/y5686e00.htm.
27.3.4 The Components of Energy Expenditure
In the human body, TEE is the sum of: (1) BEE, which includes a small component associated with arousal, as compared to sleeping; (2) TEF which is the energy we spend to digest, absorb, distribute and store the nutrients ingested; (3) EEPA which is the energy expended in physical activity; and (4) the energy expended in depositing new tissues and in producing milk. Figure 27.1 depicts the components of TEE using the doubly labeled water technique method. Total energy expenditure from doubly labeled water does not include the energy content of tissue development during normal growth and pregnancy or the milk produced during lactation,.
Fig. 27.1
Components of total energy expenditure from the doubly labeled water method (DLW). Note: TEE from DWL does not include the energy content of the maturing tissue constituents during normal growth and pregnancy or the milk produced during lactation
Some sources may state that TEE is composed of: (1) resting energy expenditure (REE); (2) TEF; and (3) EEPA [5]. If all of the conditions required for BEE have not been met then the term REE is used.
Regardless of the term used, the resting or basal component of energy expenditure constitutes the largest portion (60–75 %) of the TEE [9]. The only exception to this would be in extremely active individuals. The TEF represents approximately 10 % of the total daily energy expenditure, although it depends on the macronutrient content of the food ingested. The most variable component of TEE is the contribution of physical activity (EEPA) which varies from approximately 15–30 % depending on the activity level of the individual [2].
There are many factors that affect the components that make up TEE (BEE:TEF:EEPA) whether or not that refers to BEE, REE, BMR, or RMR. From a practical point of view, RMR is usually used in equations to estimate TEE, therefore our discussion will center on the factors that affect REE (RMR extrapolated to a 24 h period) or RMR rather than BEE or BMR. We will also discuss the factors that affect TEF and EEPA.
27.3.4.1 Factors Affecting Resting Energy Expenditure
Numerous factors cause the REE to vary among individuals. Interestingly, three factors, age, sex and fat free mass (FFM), account for about 80 % of the variability in REE [10]. Additional contributing variables include: (1) body size and weight [body surface area (BSA)]; (2) hormonal status [2, 5];(3) age; (4) sex; and (5) fat mass. Age, sex, and FFM are highly correlated and these three factors combined together account for about 80 % of the variability in REE [10].
Body surface area is computed from height and weight, taller individuals who weigh more will have the greatest surface area. Individuals with greater surface area will have the greatest metabolic rate. Various body surface formulas have been developed over the years. There is debate about which is the best formula to use since there is no standardization of formulas at this time. The Mosteller formula is gaining support as a common standard because it is much simpler and can be easily calculated with a handheld calculator. A Web site that can be used to estimate BSA is http://www.halls.md/body-surface-area/bsa.htm. Table 27.1 lists formulas to determine BSA.
Table 27.1
Equations to estimate body surface area
|
Name of formula |
Formula |
|
Boyd |
|
|
Haycock |
BSA (m2) = 0.024265 × Height (cm)0.3964 × Weight (kg)0.5378 |
|
DuBois and DuBois |
BSA (m2) = 0.20247 × Height (m)0.725 × Weight (kg)0.425 |
|
Gehan and George |
BSA (m2) = 0.0235 × Height (cm)0.42246 × Weight (kg)0.51456 |
|
Mosteller |
BSA (m2) = ([Height (cm) × Weight (kg)]/3,600)½ |
|
or in inches and pounds: BSA (m2) = ([Height (in.) × Weight (lb.)]/3,131)½ |
Adapted from Body Surface Area Calculator for medication doses at http://www.halls.md/body-surface-area/bsa.htm
As stated previously, one of the main determinants of REE is fat-free mass (FFM) or lean body mass (LBM). Because of their greater FFM, athletes or individuals who are extremely fit have approximately a 5 % higher BMR than nonathletic individuals. The effect of age has on REE is highly correlated with FFM. Resting energy expenditure is highest during periods of rapid growth, chiefly during the first and second years of life, and peaks throughout adolescence and puberty [11]. As a child becomes older, the caloric requirement for growth is reduced to about 1 % of the total energy expended. Resting energy expenditure continues to decline with increasing age in adulthood. The loss of FFM with aging can be attenuated with exercise; however, exercise cannot completely negate the effects of age. There is approximately a 2–3 % decline in REE after early adulthood largely due to loss of FFM [11]. Some authors also account for the reduction in brain weight with age on REE or basal metabolism, since it is an extremely metabolically active organ. In fact, the brain is more metabolically active than muscle tissue during rest [12]. Henry [12] also states that “the fall in BMR with ageing may be less dramatic than previously perceived. Indeed, some subjects may show an increase in BMR with ageing.”
Sex differences in metabolic rates are primarily contributed to differences in body size and composition. Women have approximately 5–10 % lower REE than men primarily due to differences in LBM [5].
Hormonal status also has an effect on the metabolic rate. The hormones associated with the sympathetic nervous system or those involved in the fight or flight response such as epinephrine and norepinephrine increase metabolic rate. Probably the hormones most closely aligned with REE are the thyroid hormones since these hormones are considered to be the permissive hormones and allow other hormones to exert their full effect. Also the metabolic rate of women fluctuates with the menstrual cycle. An average of 359 kcal/day difference in the BMR has been measured from 1 week before ovulation and just before the onset of menstruation. The average increase in energy expenditure is about 150 kcal/day during the second half of the menstrual cycle [13].
27.3.4.2 Factors Affecting the Thermic Effect of Food
The TEF accounts for approximately 10 % of the TEE. The TEF varies with the composition of the diet and is greater after the consumption of and proteins than after carbohydrates and fat. Spicy foods enhance and prolong the effect of TEF. Caffeine and nicotine also stimulate the TEF [5].
27.3.4.3 Factors Affecting the Energy Expended in Physical Activity and Exercise
Before we begin our discussion of energy during physical activity and exercise, we need to define and differentiate the terms physical activity and exercise. According to Caspersen, Powell, and Christenson[14]:
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.
In this chapter, when we speak of physical activity, we include the subset exercise. The energy expended in physical activity (EEPA) is the most variable component of TEE. To illustrate this point think of this, the basal oxygen (O2) consumption rate of adults is approximately 250 mL/min while elite athletes, such as marathon runners, can sustain O2 consumption rates of 5,000 mL/min [2]. So you can see quite easily that the scale of metabolic responses to exercise varies over a 20-fold range. The EEPA not only includes the energy cost of the movement but also includes energy during these activities such as shivering and maintaining postural control [2, 5].
Energy cost of physical activity is related to intensity, duration, skill level, and FFM. As the intensity of the physical activity and or duration of the activity increases, so does the energy expenditure. All else being equal, individuals with less skill in performing an activity will expend more energy in performing the motion. Also, individuals with greater FFM will expend more energy at the same intensity and or duration of the exercise. In order to estimate the energy cost associated with activity or exercise, we will refer to the Compendium of Physical Activity [7] that can be found in Appendix 1. The MET value for each activity is listed. These values can then be converted to kcal by using the formula 1 MET = 1 kcal kg−1 h−1. We also have a more generalized version of activity categories in Table 27.2 for the sake of simplicity.
Table 27.2
MET values for physical activity levels
|
Physical activity intensity |
MET |
|
Light intensity activities |
<3 |
|
Sleeping Watching television Writing, desk work, typing Walking, 1.7 mph (2.7 km/h), level ground, strolling, very slow Walking, 2.5 mph (4 km/h) |
0.9 1.0 1.8 2.3 2.9 |
|
Moderate intensity activities |
3–6 |
|
Bicycling, stationary, 50 W, very light effort Walking 3.0 mph (4.8 km/h) Calisthenics, home exercise, light or moderate effort, general Walking 3.4 mph (5.5 km/h) Bicycling, <10 mph (16 km/h), leisure, to work or for pleasure Bicycling, stationary, 100 W, light effort |
3.0 3.3 3.5 3.6 4.0 5.5 |
|
Vigorous intensity activities |
>6 |
|
Jogging, general Calisthenics (e.g., push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups, jumping jacks), heavy, vigorous effort Running jogging, in place Rope jumping |
7.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 |
From compendium of Physical Activity found at https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/home. Project supported by University of Arizona and the National Cancer Institute
27.4 Contemporary Understanding of the Issues
27.4.1 Methods of Measuring Energy Expenditure
The Doubly Labeled Water Technique (DLW) is currently considered the most accurate technique for measuring TEE in free-living individuals. The Doubly Labeled Water Technique (DLW) for measuring TEE in free-living people uses two stable isotopes of water (deuterium [2H2O] and oxygen-18 [H2 18O]); the difference in the turnover rates of the two isotopes measures the carbon dioxide production rate, from which total energy expenditure can be calculated [15]. The premise of the method is that the O2 atoms in expired CO2 have isotopically equilibrated atoms. Thus, after a loading dose of water labeled with 2H and 18O, the 2H is eliminated from the body as water, whereas the 18O is eliminated from the body as water and CO2. The difference between the elimination rates is therefore proportional to CO2production and hence energy expenditure can be estimated using calculated O2 from the equation of respiratory quotient (RQ = VCO2/VO2); RQ is estimated from respiratory quotient of diet or assumed to be 0.85 (Western diet). The primary advantage of this technique is its accuracy (2–8 % precision) and that it provides a measure of energy expenditure that incorporates all the components of TEE [5, 15]. Also it can be used to measure free-living energy expenditure, while subjects engage in normal daily activities. It is for these reasons, that the DLW technique has been used for validation studies and to generate data to develop prediction equations [2]. Normally, estimates of EEPA using different techniques are validated against the DLW technique. However, the expense of the technique makes it impractical for routine use by clinicians.
Direct calorimetry is a method for measuring the amount of energy expended by monitoring the rate at which a person loses heat from the body using a structure called a whole-room calorimeter. Direct calorimetry provides a measure of energy expended in the form of heat but does not provide information on the type of fuel being oxidized.
Indirect calorimetry is a method of estimating energy expenditure by measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide utilizing a respirator gas-exchange canopy or ventilation hood. The amount of heat produced by oxidation of a nutrient is proportional to the consumed O2 and the CO2 produced. The energy per liter of oxygen will be converted to kilocalories of heat produced and extrapolated to energy expenditure in 24 h. Data obtained from indirect calorimetry permit the calculation of the respiratory quotient (RQ), which is calculated as the ratio moles CO2 expired/moles O2 consumed. The volume of O2 used and CO2 produced and the amount of heat released in the oxidative process, depend on the type of nutrient being oxidized. This allows determine the proportion of each substrate being used, ranging normally from 1 (only carbohydrates) to 0.7. It is assumed that all the O2consumed is used to oxidize substrates, that all the CO2 produced can be recovered, and that the proteins are not involved primarily in energy production.
Accelerometers detect body displacement electronically, using piezo-resistive or piezo-electric sensors, with varying degrees of sensitivity; the triaxial monitor uses three different planes to measure movement rather than a single vertical plane, as in the uniaxial monitor, and has been found to be more accurate than the uniaxial monitor [16]. Portable uniaxial accelerometer units have been widely used to detect physical activity, but these instruments are not sufficiently sensitive to quantify the physical activity of a given free-living subject, although they are valuable for comparing activity levels between groups of subjects [17–19].
Minute-by-minute heart rate monitors have been found to be valid in estimating habitual TEE in certain populations but not in individuals, at least in the absence of exercise [11]. Variance in other factors that also affect heart rate, such as emotion, also impact this relationship. According to Levine [19]:
In humans, there is a significant relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure, at least in the absence of exercise. The conceptual limitation is that energy expenditure and heart rate are not linearly related for an individual in part because cardiac stroke volume changes with changing heart rate and even posture.
Many questionnaires have been developed to measure physical activity in adults. Currently, the most widely used are the different versions of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Van Poppel et al. [20] reviewed the validity, reliability and responsiveness of 85 PA (physical activity) questionnaires, including the IPAQ. In light of their results, these authors conclude that, no questionnaire or type of questionnaire for assessing PA was superior and therefore could not be strongly recommended above others. Furthermore, they observed that there is a clear lack of standardization of PA questionnaires, resulting in many variations not well described and validated. Thus, researchers should decide which questionnaire best fit their purposes considering the content of the questionnaire, the nature of the sample and the available validation studies [20, 21].
More recently, Bonn et al. [22] developed the Web-based questionnaire, Active-Q. The authors validate their questionnaire against DLW and conclude that Active-Q is a valid method for estimating total energy expenditure, and is also reproducible and user-friendly method. However, many methodological limitations make this conclusion perhaps too audacious.
27.4.2 Estimated Energy Expenditure Prediction Equations
The Harris–Benedict formula published in 1919 [23] is one of the most widely used formulas to determine RMR. Results of the accuracy of the prediction equation are mixed. Daly et al. [24] suggested that it overestimates RMR by 7–24 % in many contemporary populations. However, Hasson et al. [25] compared predicted RMR derived from commonly used prediction regression equations to measured RMR in a diverse group of individuals and found that the Harris–Benedict equation was the most likely to predict RMR to within 10 % of measured RMR. In addition, the Harris–Benedict equation accurately predicted RMR in both sexes, all body mass index (BMI) categories, individuals aged 30–60 years and all racial/ethnic groups. Table 27.3 includes the original Harris–Benedict prediction equation published in 1919 and a 1984 Harris–Benedict equations revised by Roza and Shizgal [26].
Table 27.3
Harris–Benedict prediction equations
|
Step 1: calculating the BMR |
|
|
The original Harris–Benedict equations published in 1918 and 1919 |
|
|
Men |
BMR = 66.4730 + (13.7516 × weight in kg) + (5.0033 × height in cm) − (6.7550 × age in years) |
|
Women |
BMR = 655.0955 + (9.5634 × weight in kg) + (1.8496 × height in cm) − (4.6756 × age in years) |
|
The Harris–Benedict equations revised by Roza and Shizgal in 1984 |
|
|
Men |
BMR = 88.362 + (13.397 × weight in kg) + (4.799 × height in cm) − (5.677 × age in years) |
|
Women |
BMR = 447.593 + (9.247 × weight in kg) + (3.098 × height in cm) − (4.330 × age in years) |
|
Step 2: applying the Harris–Benedict Principle |
|
|
The following table enables calculation of an individual’s recommended daily calorie intake to maintain current weight |
|
|
Little to no exercise |
Daily calories needed = BMR × 1.2 |
|
Light exercise (1–3 days/week) |
Daily calories needed = BMR × 1.375 |
|
Moderate exercise (3–5 days/week) |
Daily calories needed = BMR × 1.55 |
|
Heavy exercise (6–7 days/week) |
Daily calories needed = BMR × 1.725 |
|
Very heavy exercise (twice per day, extra heavy workouts) |
Daily calories needed = BMR × 1.9 |
From Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris-Benedict_equation
The 1985 predictive equations included in the Technical Report Series 724 [8] were developed from a meta-analysis of about 100 studies conducted over a long time period (1914–1980), including the subjects studied by Harris and Benedict. The current predictive equations published in 2004 can be found in the FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series [1]. The full report can be downloaded free of charge at the World Health Organization Web site (seehttp://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/nutrientrequirements/9251052123/en/index.html). However, Henry et al. [27] found that the equations published in the FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Seriesoverestimated REE.
Frankenfield et al. [28] examined the validity of RMR prediction equations applied to the general public and concluded that the Mifflin–St Jeor equation is the most likely to estimate RMR within 10 % of that measured: However, noteworthy limitations exist when it is generalized to certain age and ethnic groups. This equation is presented in Table 27.4 [29].
Table 27.4
An estimated energy expenditure prediction equation using the Mifflin–St Jeor equation to determine resting metabolic rate
|
Step 1: Estimate resting metabolic rate (RMR) using the Mifflin–St Jeor equation |
|
|
RMR = 9.99 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) − 4.92 × age (year) + 166 × sex (males, 1; females, 0) − 161. |
|
|
Step 2: Determine additional caloric requirements based on level of activity |
|
|
Physical activity level |
Percentage above resting level |
|
Bed rest |
10 |
|
Quiet rest |
30 |
|
Light activity |
40–60 |
|
Moderate activity |
60–80 |
|
Heavy activity |
100 |
|
Additional caloric requirements = RMR × Percentage above resting level |
|
|
Step 3: Determine predicted total energy expenditure (TEE) |
|
|
TEE = RMR + Additional caloric requirements based on activity |
|
Adapted from Physiology of Fitness (3rd ed.) (p. 359) by B. J. Sharkey, 1990, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
Hasson et al. [25] highlighted that one limitation of the Frankenfield et al. [28] systematic review of predictive equations for RMR was the absence of a direct comparison of these regression equations to a criterion measure. Results from Hasson’s study [25] suggest the Mifflin–St Jeor equation is primarily useful in overweight/obese groups, whereas the equations in the FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1 may be optimal in younger adults aged 18–49 years.
A considerable number of prediction equations have been developed since 1990. Most of the equations have not been adequately validated and the equations have a poor predictive value for individuals. The basis of several prediction methods is an estimation of REE to which is added a “stress” or “injury” factor [27]. The main advantage of these “newly” developed prediction equations to estimate energy expenditure (EE) is that they are easy to use and inexpensive [30].
The Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes of the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, and the National Academies, in collaboration with Health Canada developed prediction equations to estimate energy requirements (EER) for people according to their life-stage group [2]. The EER incorporates age, weight, height, gender, and level of physical activity for individuals in various life-stages. The equations for girls and women published in the 2005 Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids can be found in Table 27.5. Equations for both genders can be downloaded free of charge on line at The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id = 10490.
Table 27.5
Physical activity level index (PAL) and physical activity coefficient (PA) used to derive estimated energy requirements (EER) for women
|
PAL |
Sedentary |
Low active |
Active |
Very active |
|
(1.0–1.39) |
(1.4–1.59) |
(1.6–1.89) |
(1.9–2.5) |
|
|
Typical daily living activities (e.g., household tasks, walking to the bus) |
Typical daily living activities PLUS 30–60 min of daily moderate activities (e.g., walking at 5–7 km/h) |
Typical daily living activities PLUS at least 60 min of daily moderate activities |
Typical daily living activities PLUS at least 60 min of daily moderate activities an additional 60 min of vigorous activity or 120 min of moderate activity |
|
|
PA |
PA (level 1) |
PA (level 2) |
PA (level 3) |
PA (level 4) |
|
Girls 3–18 year |
1.00 |
1.16 |
1.31 |
1.56 |
|
Women 19 year+ |
1.00 |
1.12 |
1.27 |
1.45 |
|
Equations to estimate energy requirement using the PA |
||||
|
Infants and young children |
||||
|
Estimated energy requirement (kcal/day) = Total energy expenditure + Energy deposition |
||||
|
0–3 months |
EER = (89 × weight [kg] − 100) + 175 |
|||
|
4–6 months |
EER = (89 × weight [kg] − 100) + 56 |
|||
|
7–12 months |
EER = (89 × weight [kg] − 100) + 22 |
|||
|
13–35 months |
EER = (89 × weight [kg] − 100) + 20 |
|||
|
Children and adolescents 3–18 years |
||||
|
Estimated energy requirement (kcal/day) = Total energy expenditure + Energy deposition |
||||
|
Girls |
||||
|
3–8 years |
||||
|
EER = 135.3 − (30.8 × age [year]) + PA × [(10.0 × weight [kg]) + (934 × height [m])] + 20 |
||||
|
9–18 years |
||||
|
EER = 135.3 − (30.8 × age [year]) + PA × [(10.0 × weight [kg]) + (934 × height [m])] + 25 |
||||
|
Adults 19 years and older |
||||
|
Estimated energy requirement (kcal/day) = Total energy expenditure |
||||
|
Women |
||||
|
EER = 354 − (6.91 × age [year]) + PA × [(9.36 × weight [kg]) + (726 × height [m])] |
||||
|
Pregnancy |
||||
|
Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Nonpregnant EER + Pregnancy Energy Deposition |
||||
|
First trimester |
EER = Nonpregnant EER + 0 |
|||
|
Second trimester |
EER = Nonpregnant EER + 340 |
|||
|
Third trimester |
EER = Nonpregnant EER + 452 |
|||
|
Lactation |
||||
|
Estimated energy requirement (kcal/day) = Nonpregnant EER + Milk energy output − Weight loss |
||||
|
0–6 months postpartum |
EER = Nonpregnant EER + 500 − 170 |
|||
|
7–12 months postpartum |
EER = Nonpregnant EER + 400 − 0 |
|||
Note: These equations provide an estimate of energy requirement. Relative body weight (i.e., loss, stable, gain) is the preferred indicator of energy adequacy
Adapted from A Report of the Panel on Macronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary reference intakes for energy carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2005
Complete report can be viewed and downloaded at http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-reports
A Report of the Panel on Macronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. Dietary reference intakes for energy carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2005
PAL = Physical activity level or physical activity index
PA = Physical activity coefficient
EER = Estimated energy requirement
27.5 Future Directions
Recommendations for energy expenditure used by exercise physiologists incorporate a thermic constant in exercise physiology. One of the most commonly used thermic constants of exercise physiology is the MET [6]. TEE can be estimated after quantifying daily common activities (sleeping, home activities, etc.) and multiplying by a specific MET-activity value (see an example in the case study at end of the chapter). MET-activity values can also be found in Table 27.2 and Appendix 1. You can also find the compendium and modified versions of the compendium at https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/. A noteworthy comment about the compendium taken directly from their Web site is as follows:
When using the Compendium to estimate the energy cost of activities, investigators should remind participants to recall only the time spent in movement. The Compendium was not developed to determine the precise energy cost of physical activity within individuals, but rather to provide a classification system that standardizes the MET intensities of physical activities used in survey research. The values in the Compendium do not estimate the energy cost of physical activity in individuals in ways that account for differences in body mass, adiposity, age, sex, efficiency of movement, geographic and environmental conditions in which the activities are performed. Thus, individual differences in energy expenditure for the same activity can be large and the true energy cost for an individual may or may not be close to the stated mean MET level as presented in the Compendium [7].
When estimating energy requirements using the compendium, individuals must take into account factors that affect the RMR as well as a concept called adaptive thermogenesis. In the information that ensues, these factors are discussed as well as a relatively new concept called the non-exercise activity thermogenesis. Formulas and examples of how to estimate energy using the compendium are also presented.
27.5.1 Resting Metabolic Rate and Adaptive Thermogenesis
RMR represents at least 60 % of TEE [31]. Measurements of RMR have been performed extensively on animals and humans using traditional calorimeters [32]. Several definitions of RMR have been reported in animals [4] and humans [33]. As discussed in this chapter equations to estimate RMR are in widespread use. Since the first models created by Harris and Benedict [23] several equations have been created using anthropometric variables [34], body composition models [35], or VO2max [36] as predictors of RMR. Nevertheless, FFM continue to be the most important predictor in large heterogeneous samples [37].
FFM is composed of skeletal muscle mass, bone, internal organs, and residual mass, and each one has specific metabolic rates [38]. The latter presents a high variability between subjects with different height, age, and weight body [39]. Indeed, one kg of FFM must have a different RMR between individuals with the same FFM but different height, age, or gender [40], and particularly in obese adults [39]. Moreover, FFM has not been reported to be the principal determinant of RMR in overweight in obese women [41]. In order to resolve this conundrum, new models, which estimate individual masses of internal organs and tissues, have been developed to apply specific-organ metabolic rates to predict RMR [37], whereas older equations, which used anthropometric and two-compartment body composition models, have shown poor validity in predicting RMR in several populations, mainly among overweight and obese people [28, 34, 39]. Since 1918, when Harris and Benedict proposed their classical equation to estimate RMR [23], new models have been developed to estimate RMR, some of them specific for women, ages, and ethnics. Although body composition-based equations should be the best approach, we propose several solutions for different assessment context (see Table 27.6)
Table 27.6
Equations to estimate resting metabolic rate (RMR) in women using body composition variables as paradigm
|
Author |
Equation (kcal/day) |
|
Schofield [34]a |
<3 years: RMR = 16.252 W + 1,023.2 H − 413.5 |
|
3–10 years: RMR = 16.969 W + 161.8 H + 371.2 |
|
|
10–18 years: RMR = 8.365 W + 465.6 H + 200.0 |
|
|
18–30 years: RMR = 13.623 W + 283.0 H + 98.2 |
|
|
30–65 years: RMR = 8.126 W + 1.43 H + 843.7 |
|
|
>65 years: RMR = 7.887 W + 458.2 H − 17.7 |
|
|
Arciero et al. [36] |
RMR = 13.7 FFM + 3.3 FM + 74 VO2max − 50 + 596 |
|
Smith et al. [63] |
RMR = 3.39 FFM + 0.45 VO2max + 77.41 (kJ/dia)b |
|
Wang et al. [35] |
RMR = 24.6 FFM + 175 |
|
Bosy-Westphal et al. [64]c |
%FM between >10 and 30: RMR = 11.8 FFM + 14.4 FM + 629.2 |
|
%FM between >30 and 40: RMR = 5.5 FFM + 19.3 FM + 926.3 |
|
|
%FM between >40 and 50: RMR = 12.0 FFM + 10.4 FM + 886 |
|
|
%FM >50: RMR = 11.5 FFM + 7.1 FM + 1,097.2 |
W weight (kg), H height (m), FFM fat free mass (kg), FM fat mass (%), VO2max maximal oxygen uptake (L min−1)
aA specific model for each person must be selected after classifying women inside of age grade
bTo convert kJ to kcal, divide by 4.18
cA specific model for each person must be selected after classifying women inside of %FM grade
27.5.1.1 Adaptive Thermogenesis
Equations developed to estimate RMR have been validated from cross-sectional studies, so those must not always fit to apply in longitudinal interventions, where qualitative and quantitative changes of FFM may result. Alterations in all components of energy expenditure may occurs following weight loss programs with either energy restriction alone, exercise alone or a combination of both [42]. When these alterations are above or below the predictions we can say that an “adaptive thermogenesis” (AT) has occurred. The operational definition of adaptive thermogenesis is: “heat production in response to environmental temperature or diet, and serves the purpose of protecting the organism from cold exposure or regulating energy balance after changes in diet.” [43] Adaptive thermogenesis has been considered to be the result of adaptation to diet and temperature. Adaptive thermogenesis is thought to occur principally in human brown adipose tissue. Since studies have shown that exercise training can modify the energy efficiency of skeletal muscle mass [44], it may be possible that exercise training promotes adaptive thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. While brown adipose tissue is scarce in adult humans, we cannot completely forget the contribution of skeletal muscle to adaptive thermogenesis. Even, the influence of brown adipose tissue deposits have recently been effectively demonstrated in humans also [45]. So greater brown adipose tissue content is related to higher RMR [46], which may have important implications for energy expenditure regulation [47].
Although by definition AT is a concept principally related to RMR, AT could also affect other components of TDEE. Thus, the term “improved energy efficiency” (reduction of the ratio; kJ or kcal of work output/kJ or kcal of internal work) has been coined in the past to explain the phenomenon of reduced EE after physical activity or exercise interventions. However, changes in energy efficiency are conceptually different to the changes of adaptive thermogenesis [see (27.1)].
In this chapter, we only use the term “adaptive thermogenesis” in connection with RMR; even though reductions in walking EE after exercise training may be a form of adaptive thermogenesis. Considering previous paragraphs, AT can be result of increased or decreased EE. Herein, our interest is focused on suppressed adaptive thermogenesis. The importance of adaptive thermogenesis has generated some controversies in the field of the physiology of energy expenditure regulation. Some authors have postulated that alterations on RMR are explained by changes on FFM [42]; moreover, some have proposed that after exercise training RMR is conserved [48]. Since that the concept of AT is governed by reductions in RMR, which are not explained by changes on body composition [49], an AT must not be expected after exercise training, and so RMR will have not any impact on weight control [48]. On the other hand, small alterations in any component of TEE can lead to a substantial impact on daily energy balance [50], other researchers have demonstrated that AT has a clinically significant impact on TEE [47]. Furthermore, adaptive thermogenesis has been confirmed in a number of reports [51]. However, the assessment of AT is difficult and requires good experimental control, large sample size and high accuracy, as small differences can be clinically important in the long-term [50].
Traditionally, a reduction in RMR after weight loss has been associated with a parallel reduction in FFM. Nonetheless, several studies have shown that this adaptation is mostly dependent on FM [52] and distribution of FM and FFM [53], since the reductions in FFM-adjusted RMR present a close relationship either with reductions of FM and FFM after interventions with energy intake restriction [54]. Also, in several studies where exercise and diet were used, a reduction on RMR was confirmed even though FFM was conserved [55], therefore AT must trade on some component of FFM possibly skeletal muscle.
Several molecular mechanism have been suggested to explain an uncoupling between heat produced and synthesized ATP, which may be responsible for AT at skeletal muscle mass level. The proposed molecular mechanisms include: leakage of protons back across the mitochondrial inner membrane which is catalyzed by uncoupling proteins (UCPs [47]); decreased proton pumping by cytochrome oxidase by complex IV [53]; contribution of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ion leaks, and substrate cycles like protein turnover which consume ATP [43]. Considering the previous arguments the study of AT is turning into a new and exciting research area; however, the effect of exercise training has not been fully explored yet.
The estimation of AT requires the assessment of changes in RMR and body composition (FM and FFM) following interventions, and statistical procedures must be performed to create equations to estimate RMR of studied sample from data at baseline, where physiological conditions must be in steady-state. In this way, the changes in RMR can be predicted using simple linear regression models, which were created using body composition variables at baseline as independent variables (FM and FFM). AT can be calculated as proposed by Doucet et al. [56]:
![$$ \begin{array}{l} AT={\left[E{E}_{measured}-E{E}_{estimated}\right]}_{after\; intervention}\\ {}\kern1.8em -{\left[E{E}_{measured}-E{E}_{estimated}\right]}_{baseline\; vlues}\end{array} $$](active-female.files/image091.png)
(27.1)
Where, AT, adaptive thermogenesis; EE was energy expenditure either during resting; EEestimated was calculated by stepwise simple linear regression, using FFM and/or FM.
AT has also been explained using the starvation paradigm [56]; however, some questions remain unanswered. The exclusive effects of exercise or the influence of specific protocols of training remains to be determined.
27.5.2 NEAT Definition
Another concept that the reader may come across when discussing TEE is the term non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). When used in the equations to estimate TEE, NEAT is a highly variable component of TEE, ranging from about 15 % in sedentary population to >50 % in highly active people [57]. NEAT is composed of spontaneous physical activity (SPA), which is included and lifestyle physical activities. So NEAT includes the energy expenditure of occupation, leisure, sitting, standing, walking, talking, toe tapping, shopping, household activities, etc. There is a close relationship between change in NEAT and fat mass gain. Since the EE of different activities which are included in NEAT can change after stimuli such as overfeeding or exercise, a theory whereby an improved energetic efficiency after weight loss interventions has been postulated [57], and several neuroendocrine mechanisms have been described to track this resistance to loss fat and weight [58, 59].
Although the concept of NEAT is interesting, its assessment requires measurement of TEE which only can be measured directly by the isotopic technique of doubly labeled water which is highly expensive to apply in large cohorts (see previous sections). Nonetheless, changes estimations of NEAT it would be performed using some devices as accelerometers or pedometers.
Physical activity recalls and pedometer can also be used to perform estimations of NEAT assuming the next paradigm:
· EEPA = ExEE + MVEE + NEAT.
· ExEE = EE from exercise training physical activities.
· MVEE = physical activities which are performed commonly all days, as a job or compulsory transportation, but with moderate/vigorous EE.
Now, we need to quantify total daily movement (using a well-calibrated pedometer) and how we used it. Additionally, a record of ExEE and MVEE hours must be carried out, also steps during both need to be registered. So an estimation of NEAT change can be obtained from the difference between total daily movement (steps) and ExEE + MVEE (steps). A similar approach could be done using accelerometers although more expertise is needed to manage the data.
On the other hand, NEAT can be calculated by a tight recall of daily activities to calculated TDEE, afterwards the EE of EEPA components can be obtained in order to estimate NEAT (see case study).
27.5.3 Estimating TEE Using the Compendium of PA
When estimating TEE using these steps, the reader can use the MET values from Table 27.2 or can refer to Appendix 1 for a more detailed list. The MET values listed are from the Compendium of Physical Activities which can be found in Appendix 1 or at https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/.
27.5.3.1 Estimating TEE: A Case Study
Alice is a 37-year-old woman, weight 64 kg, 12 % of fat mass (FM). She wants to know what is her TEE and PAL, in order to know if her TEE is enough to maintain the energy balance. Using a recall of one typical day. Calculate total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) of a woman who does not perform any exercise training. Follow the next steps of our example:
· First step. Calculate RMR/24 h = kcal/h.
· Second step. To count hours sleeping.
· Third step. To count hours sitting. Check different activities.
· Fourth step. To count hours with house activities.
· Fifth step. To count hours with physical activities.
Note: The sum of total Hours must be equal to 24 h (Table 27.7).
Table 27.7
Summary of daily activities from the case study
|
Hours |
Code |
kcal |
|
24 |
PA |
450 kcal/day |
|
23 |
PA |
|
|
22 |
PA |
|
|
21 |
HA |
563 kcal/day |
|
20 |
HA |
|
|
19 |
HA |
|
|
18 |
ST |
1,418 kcal/day |
|
17 |
ST |
|
|
16 |
ST |
|
|
15 |
ST |
|
|
14 |
ST |
|
|
13 |
ST |
|
|
12 |
ST |
|
|
11 |
ST |
|
|
10 |
ST |
|
|
9 |
ST |
|
|
8 |
ST |
|
|
7 |
ST |
|
|
6 |
ST |
|
|
5 |
S |
328 kcal/day |
|
4 |
S |
|
|
3 |
S |
|
|
2 |
S |
|
|
1 |
S |
S sleeping, ST sitting, HA home activities, PA habitual physical activity
· First step. To calculate RMR by hour (it will be useful in order to calculate EE of sleeping):
o RMR (kcal/day) = 24.6 × FFM + 175.
o FFM = BW − (%FM × BW).
o FFM = 75 − (0.12 × 75) = 75 − (9) = 64 kg.
o RMR = 24.6 × (64 kg) + 175 = 1,749 kcal/day.
o RMR (kcal/h) = 1,749/24 = 72.9 kcal/h.
· Second step. EE of sleeping:
1.
2.
3.
Total EE of sleeping = 65.6 × 5 = 328 kcal/day.
· Third step. EE of sitting hours:
1.
2.
3.
Total = 13 h/day.
o Use the compendium of PA METs in Appendix 1 to calculate EE:
1.
2.
3.
o Calculations: 
1.
2.
3.
Total daily EE of sitting hours = 1,418 kcal/day.
· Fourth step. EE of home activities:
1.
2.
3.
Total = 3 h/day.
o Use the compendium of PA METs in Appendix 1 to calculate EE:
1.
2.
3.
o Calculations:
1.
2.
3.
Total Daily EE of Home activities = 563 kcal/day.
· Fifth step. EE of other physical, leisure, or transportation activities:
1.
2.
3.
Total = 3 h/day.
o Use the compendium of PA METs in Appendix 1 to calculate EE:
1.
2.
3.
o Calculations:
1.
2.
3.
Total Daily EE of PA or transportation = 450 kcal/day.
· Sixth step. TEE and PAL Calculations:
Final results 
As suggested in the literature her PAL is equivalent with a sedentary lifestyle, moreover in order to prevent herself from weight gain, a minimum PAL of 1.70 has been reported (Table 27.8) [60].
Table 27.8
Table of physical activity levels
|
Classification |
PAL range |
|
Sedentary or light active lifestyle |
1.40–1.69 |
|
Active or moderately active lifestyle |
1.70–1.99 |
|
Highly active lifestyle |
2.00–2.40 |
Adapted from FAO/WHO/UNU 2001. Human energy requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation Rome, 17–24 October 2001
27.5.4 Estimating NEAT
27.5.5 NEAT Estimation
Components of PAEE:
· EEPA = ExEE + MVEE + NEAT
· NEAT = EEPA − (ExEE + MVEE)
Where:
· ExEE = 0 kcal/day (she does not perform any exercise training).
· MVEE = 0 kcal/day (she is not involved at moderate or vigorous physical activity, which is mandatory).
· NEAT = 1,418 kcal/day (sitting activities) + 563 kcal/day (home activities) ± 450 kcal/day (other activities) = 2,431 kcal/day.
Since MET units include RMR we need to subtract the latter factor in order to obtain the final net EEPA. All together NEAT physical activities lasted 13 h, and RMR was 72.9 kcal/h. So we need to multiply 13 h × 72.9 kcal/h in order to calculate kcal that were expended for resting during NEAT activities, which were 948 kcal. So final net NEAT was 1,483 kcal during a day.
27.6 Concluding Remarks
The equations presented in this chapter should only be used as a guide to promote optimal energy balance; the individual should be monitored closely to adjust caloric intake based on target goals and changes in body mass. As in all prediction equations, standard errors are inherent [24, 28, 61]. Most of the equations have been developed to maintain current body weight for the participant’s current activity level; these equations have not been developed to promote weight loss.
The equations discussed in this chapter should be used only as a guide in maintaining energy balance. Even though numerous energy prediction equations to promote energy balance are widely cited in the literature, there are limitations in the use of these equations. Prediction errors are inherent when using any estimated equations. Further validation studies of predictive equations are needed to minimize prediction error in certain age and ethnic groups. Older adults and US residing ethnic minorities have been underrepresented both in the development of predictive equations and in validation studies [28].
Another methodological problem in measuring energy balance, in particular energy intake, is the phenomena of subjects reporting lower energy intake than physiologically required, noted as underreporting. Under reporting of energy intake is expressed as a ratio of reported energy intake to estimated BMR [61]. Underreporting is especially problematic in the obese, but also occurs in the relatively lean population also [62].
A clinical decision of whether an accurate metabolic rate by measurement is required to provide nutritional care and counseling should be made on a case-by-case basis. If the target goals are not being met, the client should be monitored closely utilizing any dietary intake records, energy expenditure logs, and physiological measurements of body mass and or weight change. Indirect calorimetry may be an important tool when, in the judgment of the clinician, the predictive methods fail an individual in a clinically relevant way [15].
Appendix 1: 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities
|
Code |
METs |
Major heading |
Specific activities |
|
01003 |
14.0 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, mountain, uphill, vigorous |
|
01004 |
16.0 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, mountain, competitive, racing |
|
01008 |
8.5 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, BMX |
|
01009 |
8.5 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, mountain, general |
|
01010 |
4.0 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, <10 mph, leisure, to work or for pleasure (Taylor Code 115) |
|
01011 |
6.8 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, to/from work, self selected pace |
|
01013 |
5.8 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, on dirt or farm road, moderate pace |
|
01015 |
7.5 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, general |
|
01018 |
3.5 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, leisure, 5.5 mph |
|
01019 |
5.8 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, leisure, 9.4 mph |
|
01020 |
6.8 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, 10–11.9 mph, leisure, slow, light effort |
|
01030 |
8.0 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, 12–13.9 mph, leisure, moderate effort |
|
01040 |
10.0 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, 14–15.9 mph, racing or leisure, fast, vigorous effort |
|
01050 |
12.0 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, 16–19 mph, racing/not drafting or >19 mph drafting, very fast, racing general |
|
01060 |
15.8 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, >20 mph, racing, not drafting |
|
01065 |
8.5 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, 12 mph, seated, hands on brake hoods or bar drops, 80 rpm |
|
01066 |
9.0 |
Bicycling |
Bicycling, 12 mph, standing, hands on brake hoods, 60 rpm |
|
01070 |
5.0 |
Bicycling |
Unicycling |
|
02001 |
2.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Activity promoting video game (e.g., Wii Fit), light effort (e.g., balance, yoga) |
|
02003 |
3.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Activity promoting video game (e.g., Wii Fit), moderate effort (e.g., aerobic, resistance) |
|
02005 |
7.2 |
Conditioning exercise |
Activity promoting video/arcade game (e.g., Exergaming, Dance Dance Revolution), vigorous effort |
|
02008 |
5.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Army-type obstacle course exercise, boot camp training program |
|
02010 |
7.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, general |
|
02011 |
3.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, 30–50 W, very light to light effort |
|
02012 |
6.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, 90–100 W, moderate to vigorous effort |
|
02013 |
8.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, 101–160 W, vigorous effort |
|
02014 |
11.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, 161–200 W, vigorous effort |
|
02015 |
14.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, 201–270 W, very vigorous effort |
|
02017 |
4.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, 51–89 W, light-to-moderate effort |
|
02019 |
8.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Bicycling, stationary, RPM/Spin bike class |
|
02020 |
8.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Calisthenics (e.g., push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups, jumping jacks), vigorous effort |
|
02022 |
3.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Calisthenics (e.g., push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups, lunges), moderate effort |
|
02024 |
2.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Calisthenics (e.g., sit-ups, abdominal crunches), light effort |
|
02030 |
3.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Calisthenics, light or moderate effort, general (e.g., back exercises), going up and down from floor (Taylor Code 150) |
|
02035 |
4.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Circuit training, moderate effort |
|
02040 |
8.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Circuit training, including kettle bells, some aerobic movement with minimal rest, general, vigorous intensity |
|
02045 |
3.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Curves TM exercise routines in women |
|
02048 |
5.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Elliptical trainer, moderate effort |
|
02050 |
6.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Resistance training (weightlifting, free weight, nautilus or universal), power lifting or body building, vigorous effort (Taylor Code 210) |
|
02052 |
5.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Resistance (weight) training, squats, slow or explosive effort |
|
02054 |
3.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Resistance (weight) training, multiple exercises, 8–15 repetitions at varied resistance |
|
02060 |
5.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Health club exercise, general (Taylor Code 160) |
|
02061 |
5.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Health club exercise classes, general, gym/weight training combined in one visit |
|
02062 |
7.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Health club exercise, conditioning classes |
|
02064 |
3.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Home exercise, general |
|
02065 |
9.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Stair-treadmill ergometer, general |
|
02068 |
12.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Rope skipping, general |
|
02070 |
6.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Rowing, stationary ergometer, general, vigorous effort |
|
02071 |
4.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Rowing, stationary, general, moderate effort |
|
02072 |
7.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Rowing, stationary, 100 W, moderate effort |
|
02073 |
8.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Rowing, stationary, 150 W, vigorous effort |
|
02074 |
12.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Rowing, stationary, 200 W, very vigorous effort |
|
02080 |
6.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Ski machine, general |
|
02085 |
11.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Slide board exercise, general |
|
02090 |
6.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Slimnastics, jazzercise |
|
02101 |
2.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Stretching, mild |
|
02105 |
3.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Pilates, general |
|
02110 |
6.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Teaching exercise class (e.g., aerobic, water) |
|
02112 |
2.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Therapeutic exercise ball, Fit ball exercise |
|
02115 |
2.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Upper body exercise, arm ergometer |
|
02117 |
4.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Upper body exercise, Stationary bicycle—Air dyne (arms only) 40 rpm, moderate |
|
02120 |
5.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Water aerobics, water calisthenics, water exercise |
|
02135 |
1.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Whirlpool, sitting |
|
02140 |
2.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Video exercise workouts, TV conditioning programs (e.g., yoga, stretching), light effort |
|
02143 |
4.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Video exercise workouts, TV conditioning programs (e.g., cardio-resistance), moderate effort |
|
02146 |
6.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Video exercise workouts, TV conditioning programs (e.g., cardio-resistance), vigorous effort |
|
02150 |
2.5 |
Conditioning exercise |
Yoga, Hatha |
|
02160 |
4.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Yoga, Power |
|
02170 |
2.0 |
Conditioning exercise |
Yoga, Nadi sodhana |
|
02180 |
3.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Yoga, Surya Namaskar |
|
02200 |
5.3 |
Conditioning exercise |
Native New Zealander physical activities (e.g., Haka Powhiri, Moteatea, Waiata Tira, Whakawatea), general, moderate effort |
|
02205 |
6.8 |
Conditioning exercise |
Native New Zealander physical activities (e.g., Haka, Taiahab), general, vigorous effort |
|
03010 |
5.0 |
Dancing |
Ballet, modern, or jazz, general, rehearsal or class |
|
03012 |
6.8 |
Dancing |
Ballet, modern, or jazz, performance, vigorous effort |
|
03014 |
4.8 |
Dancing |
Tap |
|
03015 |
7.3 |
Dancing |
Aerobic, general |
|
03016 |
7.5 |
Dancing |
Aerobic, step, with 6–8 in. step |
|
03017 |
9.5 |
Dancing |
Aerobic, step, with 10–12 in. step |
|
03018 |
5.5 |
Dancing |
Aerobic, step, with 4-in. step |
|
03019 |
8.5 |
Dancing |
Bench step class, general |
|
03020 |
5.0 |
Dancing |
Aerobic, low impact |
|
03021 |
7.3 |
Dancing |
Aerobic, high impact |
|
03022 |
10.0 |
Dancing |
Aerobic dance wearing 10–15 lb weights |
|
03025 |
4.5 |
Dancing |
Ethnic or cultural dancing (e.g., Greek, Middle Eastern, hula, salsa, merengue, bomba y plena, flamenco, belly, and swing) |
|
03030 |
5.5 |
Dancing |
Ballroom, fast (Taylor Code 125) |
|
03031 |
7.8 |
Dancing |
General dancing (e.g., disco, folk, Irish step dancing, line dancing, polka, contra, country) |
|
03038 |
11.3 |
Dancing |
Ballroom dancing, competitive, general |
|
03040 |
3.0 |
Dancing |
Ballroom, slow (e.g., waltz, foxtrot, slow dancing, samba, tango, nineteenth century dance, mambo, cha-cha) |
|
03050 |
5.5 |
Dancing |
Anishinaabe Jingle Dancing |
|
03060 |
3.5 |
Dancing |
Caribbean dance (Abakua, Beguine, Bellair, Bongo, Brukin’s, Caribbean Quadrills, Dinki Mini, Gere, Gumbay, Ibo, Jonkonnu, Kumina, Oreisha, Jambu) |
|
04001 |
3.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, general |
|
04005 |
4.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, crab fishing |
|
04007 |
4.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, catching fish with hands |
|
04010 |
4.3 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing related, digging worms, with shovel |
|
04020 |
4.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing from river bank and walking |
|
04030 |
2.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing from boat or canoe, sitting |
|
04040 |
3.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing from river bank, standing (Taylor Code 660) |
|
04050 |
6.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing in stream, in waders (Taylor Code 670) |
|
04060 |
2.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, ice, sitting |
|
04061 |
1.8 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, jog or line, standing, general |
|
04062 |
3.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, dip net, setting net and retrieving fish, general |
|
04063 |
3.8 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, set net, setting net and retrieving fish, general |
|
04064 |
3.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing, fishing wheel, setting net and retrieving fish, general |
|
04065 |
2.3 |
Fishing and hunting |
Fishing with a spear, standing |
|
04070 |
2.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, bow and arrow, or crossbow |
|
04080 |
6.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, deer, elk, large game (Taylor Code 170) |
|
04081 |
11.3 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting large game, dragging carcass |
|
04083 |
4.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting large marine animals |
|
04085 |
2.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting large game, from a hunting stand, limited walking |
|
04086 |
2.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting large game from a car, plane, or boat |
|
04090 |
2.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, duck, wading |
|
04095 |
3.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, flying fox, squirrel |
|
04100 |
5.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, general |
|
04110 |
6.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, pheasants or grouse (Taylor Code 680) |
|
04115 |
3.3 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, birds |
|
04120 |
5.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, rabbit, squirrel, prairie chick, raccoon, small game (Taylor Code 690) |
|
04123 |
3.3 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, pigs, wild |
|
04124 |
2.0 |
Fishing and hunting |
Trapping game, general |
|
04125 |
9.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Hunting, hiking with hunting gear |
|
04130 |
2.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Pistol shooting or trap shooting, standing |
|
04140 |
2.3 |
Fishing and hunting |
Rifle exercises, shooting, lying down |
|
04145 |
2.5 |
Fishing and hunting |
Rifle exercises, shooting, kneeling or standing |
|
05010 |
3.3 |
Home activities |
Cleaning, sweeping carpet or floors, general |
|
05011 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Cleaning, sweeping, slow, light effort |
|
05012 |
3.8 |
Home activities |
Cleaning, sweeping, slow, moderate effort |
|
05020 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Cleaning, heavy or major (e.g., wash car, wash windows, clean garage), moderate effort |
|
05021 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Cleaning, mopping, standing, moderate effort |
|
05022 |
3.2 |
Home activities |
Cleaning windows, washing windows, general |
|
05023 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Mopping, standing, light effort |
|
05024 |
4.5 |
Home activities |
Polishing floors, standing, walking slowly, using electric polishing machine |
|
05025 |
2.8 |
Home activities |
Multiple household tasks all at once, light effort |
|
05026 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Multiple household tasks all at once, moderate effort |
|
05027 |
4.3 |
Home activities |
Multiple household tasks all at once, vigorous effort |
|
05030 |
3.3 |
Home activities |
Cleaning, house or cabin, general, moderate effort |
|
05032 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Dusting or polishing furniture, general |
|
05035 |
3.3 |
Home activities |
Kitchen activity, general (e.g., cooking, washing dishes, cleaning up), moderate effort |
|
05040 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Cleaning, general (straightening up, changing linen, carrying out trash), light effort |
|
05041 |
1.8 |
Home activities |
Wash dishes, standing or in general (not broken into stand/walk components) |
|
05042 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Wash dishes, clearing dishes from table, walking, light effort |
|
05043 |
3.3 |
Home activities |
Vacuuming, general, moderate effort |
|
05044 |
3.0 |
Home activities |
Butchering animals, small |
|
05045 |
6.0 |
Home activities |
Butchering animal, large, vigorous effort |
|
05046 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Cutting and smoking fish, drying fish or meat |
|
05048 |
4.0 |
Home activities |
Tanning hides, general |
|
05049 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Cooking or food preparation, moderate effort |
|
05050 |
2.0 |
Home activities |
Cooking or food preparation—standing or sitting or in general (not broken into stand/walk components), manual appliances, light effort |
|
05051 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Serving food, setting table, implied walking or standing |
|
05052 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Cooking or food preparation, walking |
|
05053 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Feeding household animals |
|
05055 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Putting away groceries (e.g., carrying groceries, shopping without a grocery cart), carrying packages |
|
05056 |
7.5 |
Home activities |
Carrying groceries upstairs |
|
05057 |
3.0 |
Home activities |
Cooking Indian bread on an outside stove |
|
05060 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Food shopping with or without a grocery cart, standing or walking |
|
05065 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Non-food shopping, with or without a cart, standing or walking |
|
05070 |
1.8 |
Home activities |
Ironing |
|
05080 |
1.3 |
Home activities |
Knitting, sewing, light effort, wrapping presents, sitting |
|
05082 |
2.8 |
Home activities |
Sewing with a machine |
|
05090 |
2.0 |
Home activities |
Laundry, fold or hang clothes, put clothes in washer or dryer, packing suitcase, washing clothes by hand, implied standing, light effort |
|
05092 |
4.0 |
Home activities |
Laundry, hanging wash, washing clothes by hand, moderate effort |
|
05095 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Laundry, putting away clothes, gathering clothes to pack, putting away laundry, implied walking |
|
05100 |
3.3 |
Home activities |
Making bed, changing linens |
|
05110 |
5.0 |
Home activities |
Maple syruping/sugar bushing (including carrying buckets, carrying wood) |
|
05120 |
5.8 |
Home activities |
Moving furniture, household items, carrying boxes |
|
05121 |
5.0 |
Home activities |
Moving, lifting light loads |
|
05125 |
4.8 |
Home activities |
Organizing room |
|
05130 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Scrubbing floors, on hands and knees, scrubbing bathroom, bathtub, moderate effort |
|
05131 |
2.0 |
Home activities |
Scrubbing floors, on hands and knees, scrubbing bathroom, bathtub, light effort |
|
05132 |
6.5 |
Home activities |
Scrubbing floors, on hands and knees, scrubbing bathroom, bathtub, vigorous effort |
|
05140 |
4.0 |
Home activities |
Sweeping garage, side walk or outside of house |
|
05146 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Standing, packing/unpacking boxes, occasional lifting of light weight household items, loading or unloading items in car, moderate effort |
|
05147 |
3.0 |
Home activities |
Implied walking, putting away household items, moderate effort |
|
05148 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Watering plants |
|
05149 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Building a fire inside |
|
05150 |
9.0 |
Home activities |
Moving household items upstairs, carrying boxes or furniture |
|
05160 |
2.0 |
Home activities |
Standing, light effort tasks (pump gas, change light bulb, etc.) |
|
05165 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Walking, moderate effort tasks, non-cleaning (readying to leave, shut/lock doors, close windows, etc.) |
|
05170 |
2.2 |
Home activities |
Sitting, playing with child(ren), light effort, only active periods |
|
05171 |
2.8 |
Home activities |
Standing, playing with child(ren) light effort, only active periods |
|
05175 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Walking/running, playing with child(ren), moderate effort, only active periods |
|
05180 |
5.8 |
Home activities |
Walking/running, playing with child(ren), vigorous effort, only active periods |
|
05181 |
3.0 |
Home activities |
Walking and carrying small child, child weighing 15 lb or more |
|
05182 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Walking and carrying small child, child weighing less than 15 lb |
|
05183 |
2.0 |
Home activities |
Standing, holding child |
|
05184 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Child care, infant, general |
|
05185 |
2.0 |
Home activities |
Child care, sitting/kneeling (e.g., dressing, bathing, grooming, feeding, occasional lifting of child), light effort, general |
|
05186 |
3.0 |
Home activities |
Child care, standing (e.g., dressing, bathing, grooming, feeding, occasional lifting of child), moderate effort |
|
05188 |
1.5 |
Home activities |
Reclining with baby |
|
05189 |
2.0 |
Home activities |
Breastfeeding, sitting or reclining |
|
05190 |
2.5 |
Home activities |
Sit, playing with animals, light effort, only active periods |
|
05191 |
2.8 |
Home activities |
Stand, playing with animals, light effort, only active periods |
|
05192 |
3.0 |
Home activities |
Walk/run, playing with animals, general, light effort, only active periods |
|
05193 |
4.0 |
Home activities |
Walk/run, playing with animals, moderate effort, only active periods |
|
05194 |
5.0 |
Home activities |
Walk/run, playing with animals, vigorous effort, only active periods |
|
05195 |
3.5 |
Home activities |
Standing, bathing dog |
|
05197 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Animal care, household animals, general |
|
05200 |
4.0 |
Home activities |
Elder care, disabled adult, bathing, dressing, moving into and out of bed, only active periods |
|
05205 |
2.3 |
Home activities |
Elder care, disabled adult, feeding, combing hair, light effort, only active periods |
|
06010 |
3.0 |
Home repair |
Airplane repair |
|
06020 |
4.0 |
Home repair |
Automobile body work |
|
06030 |
3.3 |
Home repair |
Automobile repair, light or moderate effort |
|
06040 |
3.0 |
Home repair |
Carpentry, general, workshop (Taylor Code 620) |
|
06050 |
6.0 |
Home repair |
Carpentry, outside house, installing rain gutters (Taylor Code 640), carpentry, outside house, building a fence |
|
06052 |
3.8 |
Home repair |
Carpentry, outside house, building a fence |
|
06060 |
3.3 |
Home repair |
Carpentry, finishing or refinishing cabinets or furniture |
|
06070 |
6.0 |
Home repair |
Carpentry, sawing hardwood |
|
06072 |
4.0 |
Home repair |
Carpentry, home remodeling tasks, moderate effort |
|
06074 |
2.3 |
Home repair |
Carpentry, home remodeling tasks, light effort |
|
06080 |
5.0 |
Home repair |
Caulking, chinking log cabin |
|
06090 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Caulking, except log cabin |
|
06100 |
5.0 |
Home repair |
Cleaning gutters |
|
06110 |
5.0 |
Home repair |
Excavating garage |
|
06120 |
5.0 |
Home repair |
Hanging storm windows |
|
06122 |
5.0 |
Home repair |
Hanging sheetrock inside house |
|
06124 |
3.0 |
Home repair |
Hammering nails |
|
06126 |
2.5 |
Home repair |
Home repair, general, light effort |
|
06127 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Home repair, general, moderate effort |
|
06128 |
6.0 |
Home repair |
Home repair, general, vigorous effort |
|
06130 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Laying or removing carpet |
|
06140 |
3.8 |
Home repair |
Laying tile or linoleum, repairing appliances |
|
06144 |
3.0 |
Home repair |
Repairing appliances |
|
06150 |
5.0 |
Home repair |
Painting, outside home (Taylor Code 650) |
|
06160 |
3.3 |
Home repair |
Painting inside house, wallpapering, scraping paint |
|
06165 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Painting (Taylor Code 630) |
|
06167 |
3.0 |
Home repair |
Plumbing, general |
|
06170 |
3.0 |
Home repair |
Put on and removal of tarp—sailboat |
|
06180 |
6.0 |
Home repair |
Roofing |
|
06190 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Sanding floors with a power sander |
|
06200 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Scraping and painting sailboat or powerboat |
|
06205 |
2.0 |
Home repair |
Sharpening tools |
|
06210 |
5.0 |
Home repair |
Spreading dirt with a shovel |
|
06220 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Washing and waxing hull of sailboat or airplane |
|
06225 |
2.0 |
Home repair |
Washing and waxing car |
|
06230 |
4.5 |
Home repair |
Washing fence, painting fence, moderate effort |
|
06240 |
3.3 |
Home repair |
Wiring, tapping-splicing |
|
07010 |
1.0 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Lying quietly and watching television |
|
07011 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Lying quietly, doing nothing, lying in bed awake, listening to music (not talking or reading) |
|
07020 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sitting quietly and watching television |
|
07021 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sitting quietly, general |
|
07022 |
1.5 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sitting quietly, fidgeting, general, fidgeting hands |
|
07023 |
1.8 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sitting, fidgeting feet |
|
07024 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sitting, smoking |
|
07025 |
1.5 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sitting, listening to music (not talking or reading) or watching a movie in a theater |
|
07026 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sitting at a desk, resting head in hands |
|
07030 |
0.95 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Sleeping |
|
07040 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Standing quietly, standing in a line |
|
07041 |
1.8 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Standing, fidgeting |
|
07050 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Reclining, writing |
|
07060 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Reclining, talking or talking on phone |
|
07070 |
1.3 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Reclining, reading |
|
07075 |
1.0 |
Inactivity quiet/light |
Meditating |
|
08009 |
3.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Carrying, loading or stacking wood, loading/unloading or carrying lumber, light-to-moderate effort |
|
08010 |
5.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Carrying, loading or stacking wood, loading/unloading or carrying lumber |
|
08019 |
4.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Chopping wood, splitting logs, moderate effort |
|
08020 |
6.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Chopping wood, splitting logs, vigorous effort |
|
08025 |
3.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Clearing light brush, thinning garden, moderate effort |
|
08030 |
6.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Clearing brush/land, undergrowth, or ground, hauling branches, wheelbarrow chores, vigorous effort |
|
08040 |
5.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Digging sandbox, shoveling sand |
|
08045 |
3.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Digging, spading, filling garden, composting, light-to-moderate effort |
|
08050 |
5.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Digging, spading, filling garden, compositing (Taylor Code 590) |
|
08052 |
7.8 |
Lawn and garden |
Digging, spading, filling garden, composting, vigorous effort |
|
08055 |
2.8 |
Lawn and garden |
Driving tractor |
|
08057 |
8.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Felling trees, large size |
|
08058 |
5.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Felling trees, small-medium size |
|
08060 |
5.8 |
Lawn and garden |
Gardening with heavy power tools, tilling a garden, chain saw |
|
08065 |
2.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Gardening, using containers, older adults >60 years |
|
08070 |
4.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Irrigation channels, opening and closing ports |
|
08080 |
6.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Laying crushed rock |
|
08090 |
5.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Laying sod |
|
08095 |
5.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Mowing lawn, general |
|
08100 |
2.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Mowing lawn, riding mower (Taylor Code 550) |
|
08110 |
6.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Mowing lawn, walk, hand mower (Taylor Code 570) |
|
08120 |
5.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Mowing lawn, walk, power mower, moderate or vigorous effort |
|
08125 |
4.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Mowing lawn, power mower, light or moderate effort (Taylor Code 590) |
|
08130 |
2.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Operating snow blower, walking |
|
08135 |
2.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Planting, potting, transplanting seedlings or plants, light effort |
|
08140 |
4.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Planting seedlings, shrub, stooping, moderate effort |
|
08145 |
4.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Planting crops or garden, stooping, moderate effort |
|
08150 |
4.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Planting trees |
|
08160 |
3.8 |
Lawn and garden |
Raking lawn or leaves, moderate effort |
|
08165 |
4.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Raking lawn (Taylor Code 600) |
|
08170 |
4.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Raking roof with snow rake |
|
08180 |
3.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Riding snow blower |
|
08190 |
4.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Sacking grass, leaves |
|
08192 |
5.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Shoveling dirt or mud |
|
08195 |
5.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Shoveling snow, by hand, moderate effort |
|
08200 |
6.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Shoveling snow, by hand (Taylor Code 610) |
|
08202 |
7.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Shoveling snow, by hand, vigorous effort |
|
08210 |
4.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Trimming shrubs or trees, manual cutter |
|
08215 |
3.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Trimming shrubs or trees, power cutter, using leaf blower, edge, moderate effort |
|
08220 |
3.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Walking, applying fertilizer or seeding a lawn, push applicator |
|
08230 |
1.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Watering lawn or garden, standing or walking |
|
08239 |
3.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Weeding, cultivating garden, light-to-moderate effort |
|
08240 |
4.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Weeding, cultivating garden (Taylor Code 580) |
|
08241 |
5.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Weeding, cultivating garden, using a hoe, moderate-to-vigorous effort |
|
08245 |
3.8 |
Lawn and garden |
Gardening, general, moderate effort |
|
08246 |
3.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Picking fruit off trees, picking fruits/vegetables, moderate effort |
|
08248 |
4.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Picking fruit off trees, gleaning fruits, picking fruits/vegetables, climbing ladder to pick fruit, vigorous effort |
|
08250 |
3.3 |
Lawn and garden |
Implied walking/standing—picking up yard, light, picking flowers or vegetables |
|
08251 |
3.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Walking, gathering gardening tools |
|
08255 |
5.5 |
Lawn and garden |
Wheelbarrow, pushing garden cart or wheelbarrow |
|
08260 |
3.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Yard work, general, light effort |
|
08261 |
4.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Yard work, general, moderate effort |
|
08262 |
6.0 |
Lawn and garden |
Yard work, general, vigorous effort |
|
09000 |
1.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Board game playing, sitting |
|
09005 |
2.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Casino gambling, standing |
|
09010 |
1.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Card playing, sitting |
|
09013 |
1.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Chess game, sitting |
|
09015 |
1.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Copying documents, standing |
|
09020 |
1.8 |
Miscellaneous |
Drawing, writing, painting, standing |
|
09025 |
1.0 |
Miscellaneous |
Laughing, sitting |
|
09030 |
1.3 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, reading, book, newspaper, etc. |
|
09040 |
1.3 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, writing, deskwork, typing |
|
09045 |
1.0 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, playing traditional video game, computer game |
|
09050 |
1.8 |
Miscellaneous |
Standing, talking in person, on the phone, computer, or text messaging, light effort |
|
09055 |
1.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, talking in person, on the phone, computer, or text messaging, light effort |
|
09060 |
1.3 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, studying, general, including reading and/or writing, light effort |
|
09065 |
1.8 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, in class, general, including note-taking or class discussion |
|
09070 |
1.8 |
Miscellaneous |
Standing, reading |
|
09071 |
2.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Standing, miscellaneous |
|
09075 |
1.8 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, arts and crafts, carving wood, weaving, spinning wool, light effort |
|
09080 |
3.0 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting, arts and crafts, carving wood, weaving, spinning wool, moderate effort |
|
09085 |
2.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Standing, arts and crafts, sand painting, carving, weaving, light effort |
|
09090 |
3.3 |
Miscellaneous |
Standing, arts and crafts, sand painting, carving, weaving, moderate effort |
|
09095 |
3.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Standing, arts and crafts, sand painting, carving, weaving, vigorous effort |
|
09100 |
1.8 |
Miscellaneous |
Retreat/family reunion activities involving sitting, relaxing, talking, eating |
|
09101 |
3.0 |
Miscellaneous |
Retreat/family reunion activities involving playing games with children |
|
09105 |
2.0 |
Miscellaneous |
Touring/traveling/vacation involving riding in a vehicle |
|
09106 |
3.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Touring/traveling/vacation involving walking |
|
09110 |
2.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Camping involving standing, walking, sitting, light-to-moderate effort |
|
09115 |
1.5 |
Miscellaneous |
Sitting at a sporting event, spectator |
|
10010 |
1.8 |
Music playing |
Accordion, sitting |
|
10020 |
2.3 |
Music playing |
Cello, sitting |
|
10030 |
2.3 |
Music playing |
Conducting orchestra, standing |
|
10035 |
2.5 |
Music playing |
Double bass, standing |
|
10040 |
3.8 |
Music playing |
Drums, sitting |
|
10045 |
3.0 |
Music playing |
Drumming (e.g., bongo, conga, bembe), moderate, sitting |
|
10050 |
2.0 |
music playing |
Flute, sitting |
|
10060 |
1.8 |
Music playing |
Horn, standing |
|
10070 |
2.3 |
Music playing |
Piano, sitting |
|
10074 |
2.0 |
Music playing |
Playing musical instruments, general |
|
10077 |
2.0 |
Music playing |
Organ, sitting |
|
10080 |
3.5 |
Music playing |
Trombone, standing |
|
10090 |
1.8 |
Music playing |
Trumpet, standing |
|
10100 |
2.5 |
Music playing |
Violin, sitting |
|
10110 |
1.8 |
Music playing |
Woodwind, sitting |
|
10120 |
2.0 |
Music playing |
Guitar, classical, folk, sitting |
|
10125 |
3.0 |
Music playing |
Guitar, rock and roll band, standing |
|
10130 |
4.0 |
Music playing |
Marching band, baton twirling, walking, moderate pace, general |
|
10131 |
5.5 |
Music playing |
Marching band, playing an instrument, walking, brisk pace, general |
|
10135 |
3.5 |
Music playing |
Marching band, drum major, walking |
|
11003 |
2.3 |
Occupation |
Active workstation, treadmill desk, walking |
|
11006 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Airline flight attendant |
|
11010 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Bakery, general, moderate effort |
|
11015 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Bakery, light effort |
|
11020 |
2.3 |
Occupation |
Bookbinding |
|
11030 |
6.0 |
Occupation |
Building road, driving heavy machinery |
|
11035 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Building road, directing traffic, standing |
|
11038 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Carpentry, general, light effort |
|
11040 |
4.3 |
Occupation |
Carpentry, general, moderate effort |
|
11042 |
7.0 |
Occupation |
Carpentry, general, heavy or vigorous effort |
|
11050 |
8.0 |
Occupation |
Carrying heavy loads (e.g., bricks, tools) |
|
11060 |
8.0 |
Occupation |
Carrying moderate loads up stairs, moving boxes 25–49 lb |
|
11070 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Chambermaid, hotel housekeeper, making bed, cleaning bathroom, pushing cart |
|
11080 |
5.3 |
Occupation |
Coalmining, drilling coal, rock |
|
11090 |
5.0 |
Occupation |
Coalmining, erecting supports |
|
11100 |
5.5 |
Occupation |
Coalmining, general |
|
11110 |
6.3 |
Occupation |
Coalmining, shoveling coal |
|
11115 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Cook, chef |
|
11120 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Construction, outside, remodeling, new structures (e.g., roof repair, miscellaneous) |
|
11125 |
2.3 |
Occupation |
Custodial work, light effort (e.g., cleaning sink and toilet, dusting, vacuuming, light cleaning) |
|
11126 |
3.8 |
Occupation |
Custodial work, moderate effort (e.g., electric buffer, feathering arena floors, mopping, taking out trash, vacuuming) |
|
11128 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Driving delivery truck, taxi, shuttle bus, school bus |
|
11130 |
3.3 |
Occupation |
Electrical work (e.g., hookup wire, tapping-splicing) |
|
11135 |
1.8 |
Occupation |
Engineer (e.g., mechanical or electrical) |
|
11145 |
7.8 |
Occupation |
Farming, vigorous effort (e.g., baling hay, cleaning barn) |
|
11146 |
4.8 |
Occupation |
Farming, moderate effort (e.g., feeding animals, chasing cattle by walking and/or horseback, spreading manure, harvesting crops) |
|
11147 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Farming, light effort (e.g., cleaning animal sheds, preparing animal feed) |
|
11170 |
2.8 |
Occupation |
Farming, driving tasks (e.g., driving tractor or harvester) |
|
11180 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Farming, feeding small animals |
|
11190 |
4.3 |
Occupation |
Farming, feeding cattle, horses |
|
11191 |
4.3 |
Occupation |
Farming, hauling water for animals, general hauling water, farming, general hauling water |
|
11192 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Farming, taking care of animals (e.g., grooming, brushing, shearing sheep, assisting with birthing, medical care, branding), general |
|
11195 |
3.8 |
Occupation |
Farming, rice, planting, grain milling activities |
|
11210 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Farming, milking by hand, cleaning pails, moderate effort |
|
11220 |
1.3 |
Occupation |
Farming, milking by machine, light effort |
|
11240 |
8.0 |
Occupation |
Fire fighter, general |
|
11244 |
6.8 |
Occupation |
Fire fighter, rescue victim, automobile accident, using pike pole |
|
11245 |
8.0 |
Occupation |
Fire fighter, raising and climbing ladder with full gear, simulated fire suppression |
|
11246 |
9.0 |
Occupation |
Fire fighter, hauling hoses on ground, carrying/hoisting equipment, breaking down walls etc., wearing full gear |
|
11247 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Fishing, commercial, light effort |
|
11248 |
5.0 |
Occupation |
Fishing, commercial, moderate effort |
|
11249 |
7.0 |
Occupation |
Fishing, commercial, vigorous effort |
|
11250 |
17.5 |
Occupation |
Forestry, ax chopping, very fast, 1.25 kg ax, 51 blows/min, extremely vigorous effort |
|
11260 |
5.0 |
Occupation |
Forestry, ax chopping, slow, 1.25 kg ax, 19 blows/min, moderate effort |
|
11262 |
8.0 |
Occupation |
Forestry, ax chopping, fast, 1.25 kg ax, 35 blows/min, vigorous effort |
|
11264 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Forestry, moderate effort (e.g., sawing wood with power saw, weeding, hoeing) |
|
11266 |
8.0 |
Occupation |
Forestry, vigorous effort (e.g., barking, felling, or trimming trees, carrying or stacking logs, planting seeds, sawing lumber by hand) |
|
11370 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Furriery |
|
11375 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Garbage collector, walking, dumping bins into truck |
|
11378 |
1.8 |
Occupation |
Hairstylist (e.g., plaiting hair, manicure, make-up artist) |
|
11380 |
7.3 |
Occupation |
Horse grooming, including feeding, cleaning stalls, bathing, brushing, clipping, lunging, and exercising horses |
|
11381 |
4.3 |
Occupation |
Horse, feeding, watering, cleaning stalls, implied walking and lifting loads |
|
11390 |
7.3 |
Occupation |
Horse racing, galloping |
|
11400 |
5.8 |
Occupation |
Horse racing, trotting |
|
11410 |
3.8 |
Occupation |
Horse racing, walking |
|
11413 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Kitchen maid |
|
11415 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Lawn keeper, yard work, general |
|
11418 |
3.3 |
Occupation |
Laundry worker |
|
11420 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Locksmith |
|
11430 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Machine tooling (e.g., machining, working sheet metal, machine fitter, operating lathe, welding) light-to-moderate effort |
|
11450 |
5.0 |
Occupation |
Machine tooling, operating punch press, moderate effort |
|
11472 |
1.8 |
Occupation |
Manager, property |
|
11475 |
2.8 |
Occupation |
Manual or unskilled labor, general, light effort |
|
11476 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Manual or unskilled labor, general, moderate effort |
|
11477 |
6.5 |
Occupation |
Manual or unskilled labor, general, vigorous effort |
|
11480 |
4.3 |
Occupation |
Masonry, concrete, moderate effort |
|
11482 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Masonry, concrete, light effort |
|
11485 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Massage therapist, standing |
|
11490 |
7.5 |
Occupation |
Moving, carrying or pushing heavy objects, 75 lb or more, only active time (e.g., desks, moving van work) |
|
11495 |
12.0 |
Occupation |
Skin diving or SCUBA diving as a frogman, Navy Seal |
|
11500 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Operating heavy duty equipment, automated, not driving |
|
11510 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Orange grove work, picking fruit |
|
11514 |
3.3 |
Occupation |
Painting, house, furniture, moderate effort |
|
11516 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Plumbing activities |
|
11520 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Printing, paper industry worker, standing |
|
11525 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Police, directing traffic, standing |
|
11526 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Police, driving a squad car, sitting |
|
11527 |
1.3 |
Occupation |
Police, riding in a squad car, sitting |
|
11528 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Police, making an arrest, standing |
|
11529 |
2.3 |
Occupation |
Postal carrier, walking to deliver mail |
|
11530 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Shoe repair, general |
|
11540 |
7.8 |
Occupation |
Shoveling, digging ditches |
|
11550 |
8.8 |
Occupation |
Shoveling, more than 16 lb/min, deep digging, vigorous effort |
|
11560 |
5.0 |
Occupation |
Shoveling, less than 10 lb/min, moderate effort |
|
11570 |
6.5 |
Occupation |
Shoveling, 10–15 lb/min, vigorous effort |
|
11580 |
1.5 |
Occupation |
Sitting tasks, light effort (e.g., office work, chemistry lab work, computer work, light assembly repair, watch repair, reading, deskwork) |
|
11585 |
1.5 |
Occupation |
Sitting meetings, light effort, general, and/or with talking involved (e.g., eating at a business meeting) |
|
11590 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Sitting tasks, moderate effort (e.g., pushing heavy levers, riding mower/forklift, crane operation) |
|
11593 |
2.8 |
Occupation |
Sitting, teaching stretching or yoga, or light effort exercise class |
|
11600 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Standing tasks, light effort (e.g., bartending, store clerk, assembling, filing, duplicating, librarian, putting up a Christmas tree, standing and talking at work, changing clothes when teaching physical education, standing) |
|
11610 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Standing, light/moderate effort (e.g., assemble/repair heavy parts, welding, stocking parts, auto repair, standing, packing boxes, nursing patient care) |
|
11615 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Standing, moderate effort, lifting items continuously, 10–20 lb, with limited walking or resting |
|
11620 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Standing, moderate effort, intermittent lifting 50 lb, hitch/twisting ropes |
|
11630 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Standing, moderate/heavy tasks (e.g., lifting more than 50 lb, masonry, painting, paper hanging) |
|
11708 |
5.3 |
Occupation |
Steel mill, moderate effort (e.g., fettling, forging, tipping molds) |
|
11710 |
8.3 |
Occupation |
Steel mill, vigorous effort (e.g., hand rolling, merchant mill rolling, removing slag, tending furnace) |
|
11720 |
2.3 |
Occupation |
Tailoring, cutting fabric |
|
11730 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Tailoring, general |
|
11740 |
1.8 |
Occupation |
Tailoring, hand sewing |
|
11750 |
2.5 |
Occupation |
Tailoring, machine sewing |
|
11760 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Tailoring, pressing |
|
11763 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Tailoring, weaving, light effort (e.g., finishing operations, washing, dyeing, inspecting cloth, counting yards, paperwork) |
|
11765 |
4.0 |
Occupation |
Tailoring, weaving, moderate effort (e.g., spinning and weaving operations, delivering boxes of yam to spinners, loading of warp bean, pin winding, cone winding, warping, cloth cutting) |
|
11766 |
6.5 |
Occupation |
Truck driving, loading and unloading truck, tying down load, standing, walking and carrying heavy loads |
|
11767 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Truck, driving delivery truck, taxi, shuttle bus, school bus |
|
11770 |
1.3 |
Occupation |
Typing, electric, manual or computer |
|
11780 |
6.3 |
Occupation |
Using heavy power tools such as pneumatic tools (e.g., jackhammers, drills) |
|
11790 |
8.0 |
Occupation |
Using heavy tools (not power) such as shovel, pick, tunnel bar, spade |
|
11791 |
2.0 |
Occupation |
Walking on job, less than 2.0 mph, very slow speed, in office or lab area |
|
11792 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Walking on job, 3.0 mph, in office, moderate speed, not carrying anything |
|
11793 |
4.3 |
Occupation |
Walking on job, 3.5 mph, in office, brisk speed, not carrying anything |
|
11795 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Walking on job, 2.5 mph, slow speed and carrying light objects less than 25 lb |
|
11796 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Walking, gathering things at work, ready to leave |
|
11797 |
3.8 |
Occupation |
Walking, 2.5 mph, slows peed, carrying heavy objects more than 25 lb |
|
11800 |
4.5 |
Occupation |
Walking, 3.0 mph, moderately and carrying light objects less than 25 lb |
|
11805 |
3.5 |
Occupation |
Walking, pushing a wheelchair |
|
11810 |
4.8 |
Occupation |
Walking, 3.5 mph, briskly and carrying objects less than 25 lb |
|
11820 |
5.0 |
Occupation |
Walking or walk downstairs or standing, carrying objects about 25 to 49 lb |
|
11830 |
6.5 |
Occupation |
Walking or walk downstairs or standing, carrying objects about 50–74 lb |
|
11840 |
7.5 |
Occupation |
Walking or walk downstairs or standing, carrying objects about 75–99 lb |
|
11850 |
8.5 |
Occupation |
Walking or walk downstairs or standing, carrying objects about 100 lb or more |
|
11870 |
3.0 |
Occupation |
Working in scene shop, theater actor, backstage employee |
|
12010 |
6.0 |
Running |
Jog/walk combination (jogging component of less than 10 min) (Taylor Code 180) |
|
12020 |
7.0 |
Running |
Jogging, general |
|
12025 |
8.0 |
Running |
Jogging, in place |
|
12027 |
4.5 |
Running |
Jogging, on a mini-tramp |
|
12029 |
6.0 |
Running |
Running, 4 mph (13 min/mile) |
|
12030 |
8.3 |
Running |
Running, 5 mph (12 min/mile) |
|
12040 |
9.0 |
Running |
Running, 5.2 mph (11.5 min/mile) |
|
12050 |
9.8 |
Running |
Running, 6 mph (10 min/mile) |
|
12060 |
10.5 |
Running |
Running, 6.7 mph (9 min/mile) |
|
12070 |
11.0 |
Running |
Running, 7 mph (8.5 min/mile) |
|
12080 |
11.5 |
Running |
Running, 7.5 mph (8 min/mile) |
|
12090 |
11.8 |
Running |
Running, 8 mph (7.5 min/mile) |
|
12100 |
12.3 |
Running |
Running, 8.6 mph (7 min/mile) |
|
12110 |
12.8 |
Running |
Running, 9 mph (6.5 min/mile) |
|
12120 |
14.5 |
Running |
Running, 10 mph (6 min/mile) |
|
12130 |
16.0 |
Running |
Running, 11 mph (5.5 min/mile) |
|
12132 |
19.0 |
Running |
Running, 12 mph (5 min/mile) |
|
12134 |
19.8 |
Running |
Running, 13 mph (4.6 min/mile) |
|
12135 |
23.0 |
Running |
Running, 14 mph (4.3 min/mile) |
|
12140 |
9.0 |
Running |
Running, cross country |
|
12150 |
8.0 |
Running |
Running (Taylor code 200) |
|
12170 |
15.0 |
Running |
Running, stairs, up |
|
12180 |
10.0 |
Running |
Running, on a track, team practice |
|
12190 |
8.0 |
Running |
Running, training, pushing a wheelchair or baby carrier |
|
12200 |
13.3 |
Running |
Running, marathon |
|
13000 |
2.3 |
Self care |
Getting ready for bed, general, standing |
|
13009 |
1.8 |
Self care |
Sitting on toilet, eliminating while standing or squatting |
|
13010 |
1.5 |
Self care |
Bathing, sitting |
|
13020 |
2.5 |
Self care |
Dressing, undressing, standing or sitting |
|
13030 |
1.5 |
Self care |
Eating, sitting |
|
13035 |
2.0 |
Self care |
Talking and eating or eating only, standing |
|
13036 |
1.5 |
Self care |
Taking medication, sitting or standing |
|
13040 |
2.0 |
Self care |
Grooming, washing hands, shaving, brushing teeth, putting on make-up, sitting or standing |
|
13045 |
2.5 |
Self care |
Hairstyling, standing |
|
13046 |
1.3 |
Self care |
having Hair or nails done by someone else, sitting |
|
13050 |
2.0 |
Self care |
Showering, toweling off, standing |
|
14010 |
2.8 |
Sexual activity |
Active, vigorous effort |
|
14020 |
1.8 |
Sexual activity |
General, moderate effort |
|
14030 |
1.3 |
Sexual activity |
Passive, light effort, kissing, hugging |
|
15000 |
5.5 |
Sports |
Alaska Native Games, Eskimo Olympics, general |
|
15010 |
4.3 |
Sports |
Archery, non-hunting |
|
15020 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Badminton, competitive (Taylor Code 450) |
|
15030 |
5.5 |
Sports |
Badminton, social singles and doubles, general |
|
15040 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Basketball, game (Taylor Code 490) |
|
15050 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Basketball, non-game, general (Taylor Code 480) |
|
15055 |
6.5 |
Sports |
Basketball, general |
|
15060 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Basketball, officiating (Taylor Code 500) |
|
15070 |
4.5 |
Sports |
Basketball, shooting baskets |
|
15072 |
9.3 |
Sports |
Basketball, drills, practice |
|
15075 |
7.8 |
Sports |
Basketball, wheelchair |
|
15080 |
2.5 |
Sports |
Billiards |
|
15090 |
3.0 |
Sports |
Bowling (Taylor Code 390) |
|
15092 |
3.8 |
Sports |
Bowling, indoor, bowling alley |
|
15100 |
12.8 |
Sports |
Boxing, in ring, general |
|
15110 |
5.5 |
Sports |
Boxing, punching bag |
|
15120 |
7.8 |
Sports |
Boxing, sparring |
|
15130 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Broomball |
|
15135 |
5.8 |
Sports |
Children’s games, adults playing (e.g., hopscotch, 4-square, dodge ball, playground apparatus, t-ball, tetherball, marbles, arcade games), moderate effort |
|
15138 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Cheerleading, gymnastic moves, competitive |
|
15140 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Coaching, football, soccer, basketball, baseball, swimming, etc. |
|
15142 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Coaching, actively playing sport with players |
|
15150 |
4.8 |
Sports |
Cricket, batting, bowling, fielding |
|
15160 |
3.3 |
Sports |
Croquet |
|
15170 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Curling |
|
15180 |
2.5 |
Sports |
Darts, wall or lawn |
|
15190 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Drag racing, pushing or driving a car |
|
15192 |
8.5 |
Sports |
Auto racing, open wheel |
|
15200 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Fencing |
|
15210 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Football, competitive |
|
15230 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Football, touch, flag, general (Taylor Code 510) |
|
15232 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Football, touch, flag, light effort |
|
15235 |
2.5 |
Sports |
Football or baseball, playing catch |
|
15240 |
3.0 |
Sports |
Frisbee playing, general |
|
15250 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Frisbee, ultimate |
|
15255 |
4.8 |
Sports |
Golf, general |
|
15265 |
4.3 |
Sports |
Golf, walking, carrying clubs |
|
15270 |
3.0 |
Sports |
Golf, miniature, driving range |
|
15285 |
5.3 |
Sports |
Golf, walking, pulling clubs |
|
15290 |
3.5 |
Sports |
Golf, using power cart (Taylor Code 070) |
|
15300 |
3.8 |
Sports |
Gymnastics, general |
|
15310 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Hacky sack |
|
15320 |
12.0 |
Sports |
Handball, general (Taylor Code 520) |
|
15330 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Handball, team |
|
15335 |
4.0 |
Sports |
High ropes course, multiple elements |
|
15340 |
3.5 |
Sports |
Hang gliding |
|
15350 |
7.8 |
Sports |
Hockey, field |
|
15360 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Hockey, ice, general |
|
15362 |
10.0 |
Sports |
Hockey, ice, competitive |
|
15370 |
5.5 |
Sports |
Horseback riding, general |
|
15375 |
4.3 |
Sports |
Horse chores, feeding, watering, cleaning stalls, implied walking and lifting loads |
|
15380 |
4.5 |
Sports |
Saddling, cleaning, grooming, harnessing and unharnessing horse |
|
15390 |
5.8 |
Sports |
Horseback riding, trotting |
|
15395 |
7.3 |
Sports |
Horseback riding, canter or gallop |
|
15400 |
3.8 |
Sports |
Horseback riding, walking |
|
15402 |
9.0 |
Sports |
Horseback riding, jumping |
|
15408 |
1.8 |
Sports |
Horse cart, driving, standing or sitting |
|
15410 |
3.0 |
Sports |
Horseshoe pitching, quoits |
|
15420 |
12.0 |
Sports |
Jai alai |
|
15425 |
5.3 |
Sports |
Martial arts, different types, slower pace, novice performers, practice |
|
15430 |
10.3 |
Sports |
Martial arts, different types, moderate pace (e.g., judo, jujitsu, karate, kickboxing, taekwondo, Tae Bo, Muay Thai boxing) |
|
15440 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Juggling |
|
15450 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Kickball |
|
15460 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Lacrosse |
|
15465 |
3.3 |
Sports |
Lawn bowling, bocce ball, outdoor |
|
15470 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Moto-cross, off-road motor sports, all-terrain vehicle, general |
|
15480 |
9.0 |
Sports |
Orienteering |
|
15490 |
10.0 |
Sports |
Paddleball, competitive |
|
15500 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Paddleball, casual, general (Taylor Code 460) |
|
15510 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Polo, on horseback |
|
15520 |
10.0 |
Sports |
Racquetball, competitive |
|
15530 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Racquetball, general (Taylor Code 470) |
|
15533 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Rock or mountain climbing (Taylor Code 470)(Formerly code = 17120) |
|
15535 |
7.5 |
Sports |
Rock climbing, ascending rock, high difficulty |
|
15537 |
5.8 |
Sports |
Rock climbing, ascending or traversing rock, low-to-moderate difficulty |
|
15540 |
5.0 |
Sports |
Rock climbing, rappelling |
|
15542 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Rodeo sports, general, light effort |
|
15544 |
5.5 |
Sports |
Rodeo sports, general, moderate effort |
|
15546 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Rodeo sports, general, vigorous effort |
|
15550 |
12.3 |
Sports |
Rope jumping, fast pace, 120–160 skips/min |
|
15551 |
11.8 |
Sports |
Rope jumping, moderate pace, 100–120 skips/min, general, 2 foot skip, plain bounce |
|
15552 |
8.8 |
Sports |
Rope jumping, slow pace, <100 skips/min, 2 foot skip, rhythm bounce |
|
15560 |
8.3 |
Sports |
Rugby, union, team, competitive |
|
15562 |
6.3 |
Sports |
Rugby, touch, non-competitive |
|
15570 |
3.0 |
Sports |
Shuffleboard |
|
15580 |
5.0 |
Sports |
Skateboarding, general, moderate effort |
|
15582 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Skateboarding, competitive, vigorous effort |
|
15590 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Skating, roller (Taylor Code 360) |
|
15591 |
7.5 |
Sports |
Rollerblading, in-line skating, 14.4 km/h (9.0 mph), recreational pace |
|
15592 |
9.8 |
Sports |
Rollerblading, in-line skating, 17.7 km/h (11.0 mph), moderate pace, exercise training |
|
15593 |
12.3 |
Sports |
Rollerblading, in-line skating, 21.0–21.7 km/h (13.0–13.6 mph), fast pace, exercise training |
|
15594 |
14.0 |
Sports |
Rollerblading, in-line skating, 24.0 km/h (15.0 mph), maximal effort |
|
15600 |
3.5 |
Sports |
Skydiving, base jumping, bungee jumping |
|
15605 |
10.0 |
Sports |
Soccer, competitive |
|
15610 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Soccer, casual, general (Taylor Code 540) |
|
15620 |
5.0 |
Sports |
Softball or baseball, fast or slow pitch, general (Taylor Code 440) |
|
15625 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Softball, practice |
|
15630 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Softball, officiating |
|
15640 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Softball, pitching |
|
15645 |
3.3 |
Sports |
Sports spectator, very excited, emotional, physically moving |
|
15650 |
12.0 |
Sports |
Squash (Taylor Code 530) |
|
15652 |
7.3 |
Sports |
Squash, general |
|
15660 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Table tennis, ping pong (Taylor Code 410) |
|
15670 |
3.0 |
Sports |
Tai chi, qigong, general |
|
15672 |
1.5 |
Sports |
Tai chi, qigong, sitting, light effort |
|
15675 |
7.3 |
Sports |
Tennis, general |
|
15680 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Tennis, doubles (Taylor Code 430) |
|
15685 |
4.5 |
Sports |
Tennis, doubles |
|
15690 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Tennis, singles (Taylor Code 420) |
|
15695 |
5.0 |
Sports |
Tennis, hitting balls, non-game play, moderate effort |
|
15700 |
3.5 |
Sports |
Trampoline, recreational |
|
15702 |
4.5 |
Sports |
Trampoline, competitive |
|
15710 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Volleyball (Taylor Code 400) |
|
15711 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Volleyball, competitive, in gymnasium |
|
15720 |
3.0 |
Sports |
Volleyball, non-competitive, 6–9 member team, general |
|
15725 |
8.0 |
Sports |
Volleyball, beach, in sand |
|
15730 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Wrestling (one match = 5 min) |
|
15731 |
7.0 |
Sports |
Wallyball, general |
|
15732 |
4.0 |
Sports |
Track and field (e.g., shot, discus, hammer throw) |
|
15733 |
6.0 |
Sports |
Track and field (e.g., high jump, long jump, triple jump, javelin, pole vault) |
|
15734 |
10.0 |
Sports |
Track and field (e.g., steeplechase, hurdles) |
|
16010 |
2.5 |
Transportation |
Automobile or light truck (nota semi) driving |
|
16015 |
1.3 |
Transportation |
Riding in a car or truck |
|
16016 |
1.3 |
Transportation |
Riding in a bus or train |
|
16020 |
1.8 |
Transportation |
Flying airplane or helicopter |
|
16030 |
3.5 |
Transportation |
Motor scooter, motorcycle |
|
16035 |
6.3 |
Transportation |
Pulling rickshaw |
|
16040 |
6.0 |
Transportation |
Pushing plane in and out of hangar |
|
16050 |
2.5 |
Transportation |
Truck, semi, tractor, >1 ton, or bus, driving |
|
16060 |
3.5 |
Transportation |
Walking for transportation, 2.8–3.2 mph, level, moderate pace, firm surface |
|
17010 |
7.0 |
Walking |
Backpacking (Taylor Code 050) |
|
17012 |
7.8 |
Walking |
Backpacking, hiking or organized walking with a daypack |
|
17020 |
5.0 |
Walking |
Carrying 15 lb load (e.g., suitcase), level ground or downstairs |
|
17021 |
2.3 |
Walking |
Carrying 15 lb child, slow walking |
|
17025 |
8.3 |
Walking |
Carrying load upstairs, general |
|
17026 |
5.0 |
Walking |
Carrying 1–15 lb load, upstairs |
|
17027 |
6.0 |
Walking |
Carrying 16–24 lb load, upstairs |
|
17028 |
8.0 |
Walking |
Carrying 25–49 lb load, upstairs |
|
17029 |
10.0 |
Walking |
Carrying 50–74 lb load, upstairs |
|
17030 |
12.0 |
Walking |
Carrying >74 lb load, upstairs |
|
17031 |
3.5 |
Walking |
Loading/unloading a car, implied walking |
|
17033 |
6.3 |
Walking |
Climbing hills, no load |
|
17035 |
6.5 |
Walking |
Climbing hills with 0–9 lb load |
|
17040 |
7.3 |
Walking |
Climbing hills with 10–20 lb load |
|
17050 |
8.3 |
Walking |
Climbing hills with 21–42 lb load |
|
17060 |
9.0 |
Walking |
Climbing hills with 42+ lb load |
|
17070 |
3.5 |
Walking |
Descending stairs |
|
17080 |
6.0 |
Walking |
Hiking, cross country (Taylor Code 040) |
|
17082 |
5.3 |
Walking |
Hiking or walking at a normal pace through fields and hillsides |
|
17085 |
2.5 |
Walking |
Bird watching, slow walk |
|
17088 |
4.5 |
Walking |
Marching, moderate speed, military, no pack |
|
17090 |
8.0 |
Walking |
Marching rapidly, military, no pack |
|
17100 |
4.0 |
Walking |
Pushing or pulling stroller with child or walking with children, 2.5–3.1 mph |
|
17105 |
3.8 |
Walking |
Pushing a wheelchair, non-occupational |
|
17110 |
6.5 |
Walking |
Race walking |
|
17130 |
8.0 |
Walking |
Stair climbing, using or climbing up ladder (Taylor Code 030) |
|
17133 |
4.0 |
Walking |
Stair climbing, slow pace |
|
17134 |
8.8 |
Walking |
Stair climbing, fast pace |
|
17140 |
5.0 |
Walking |
Using crutches |
|
17150 |
2.0 |
Walking |
Walking, household |
|
17151 |
2.0 |
Walking |
Walking, less than 2.0 mph, level, strolling, very slow |
|
17152 |
2.8 |
Walking |
Walking, 2.0 mph, level, slow pace, firm surface |
|
17160 |
3.5 |
Walking |
Walking for pleasure (Taylor Code 010) |
|
17161 |
2.5 |
Walking |
Walking from house to car or bus, from car or bus to go places, from car or bus to and from the worksite |
|
17162 |
2.5 |
Walking |
Walking to neighbor’s house or family’s house for social reasons |
|
17165 |
3.0 |
Walking |
Walking the dog |
|
17170 |
3.0 |
Walking |
Walking, 2.5 mph, level, firm surface |
|
17180 |
3.3 |
Walking |
Walking, 2.5 mph, downhill |
|
17190 |
3.5 |
Walking |
Walking, 2.8–3.2 mph, level, moderate pace, firm surface |
|
17200 |
4.3 |
Walking |
Walking, 3.5 mph, level, brisk, firm surface, walking for exercise |
|
17210 |
5.3 |
Walking |
Walking, 2.9–3.5 mph, uphill, 1–5 % grade |
|
17211 |
8.0 |
Walking |
Walking, 2.9–3.5 mph, uphill, 6–15 % grade |
|
17220 |
5.0 |
Walking |
Walking, 4.0 mph, level, firm surface, very brisk pace |
|
17230 |
7.0 |
Walking |
Walking, 4.5 mph, level, firm surface, very, very brisk |
|
17231 |
8.3 |
Walking |
Walking, 5.0 mph, level, firm surface |
|
17235 |
9.8 |
Walking |
Walking, 5.0 mph, uphill, 3 % grade |
|
17250 |
3.5 |
Walking |
Walking, for pleasure, work break |
|
17260 |
4.8 |
Walking |
Walking, grass track |
|
17262 |
4.5 |
Walking |
Walking, normal pace, plowed field or sand |
|
17270 |
4.0 |
Walking |
Walking, to work or class (Taylor Code 015) |
|
17280 |
2.5 |
Walking |
Walking, to and from an outhouse |
|
17302 |
4.8 |
Walking |
Walking, for exercise, 3.5–4 mph, with ski poles, Nordic walking, level, moderate pace |
|
17305 |
9.5 |
Walking |
Walking, for exercise, 5.0 mph, with ski poles, Nordic walking, level, fast pace |
|
17310 |
6.8 |
Walking |
Walking, for exercise, with ski poles, Nordic walking, uphill |
|
17320 |
6.0 |
Walking |
Walking, backwards, 3.5 mph, level |
|
17325 |
8.0 |
Walking |
Walking, backwards, 3.5 mph, uphill, 5 % grade |
|
18010 |
2.5 |
Water activities |
Boating, power, driving |
|
18012 |
1.3 |
Water activities |
Boating, power, passenger, light |
|
18020 |
4.0 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, on camping trip (Taylor Code 270) |
|
18025 |
3.3 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, harvesting wild rice, knocking rice off the stalks |
|
18030 |
7.0 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, portaging |
|
18040 |
2.8 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, rowing, 2.0–3.9 mph, light effort |
|
18050 |
5.8 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, rowing, 4.0–5.9 mph, moderate effort |
|
18060 |
12.5 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, rowing, kayaking, competition, >6 mph, vigorous effort |
|
18070 |
3.5 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, rowing, for pleasure, general (Taylor Code 250) |
|
18080 |
12.0 |
Water activities |
Canoeing, rowing, in competition, or crew or sculling (Taylor Code 260) |
|
18090 |
3.0 |
Water activities |
Diving, springboard or platform |
|
18100 |
5.0 |
Water activities |
Kayaking, moderate effort |
|
18110 |
4.0 |
Water activities |
Paddleboat |
|
18120 |
3.0 |
Water activities |
Sailing, boat and board sailing, windsurfing, ice sailing, general (Taylor Code 235) |
|
18130 |
4.5 |
Water activities |
Sailing, in competition |
|
18140 |
3.3 |
Water activities |
Sailing, Sunfish/Laser/Hobby Cat, Keelboats, ocean sailing, yachting, leisure |
|
18150 |
6.0 |
Water activities |
Skiing, water or wakeboarding (Taylor Code 220) |
|
18160 |
7.0 |
Water activities |
Jet skiing, driving, in water |
|
18180 |
15.8 |
Water activities |
Skin diving, fast |
|
18190 |
11.8 |
Water activities |
Skin diving, moderate |
|
18200 |
7.0 |
Water activities |
Skin diving, scuba diving, general (Taylor Code 310) |
|
18210 |
5.0 |
Water activities |
Snorkeling (Taylor Code 310) |
|
18220 |
3.0 |
Water activities |
Surfing, body or board, general |
|
18222 |
5.0 |
Water activities |
Surfing, body or board, competitive |
|
18225 |
6.0 |
Water activities |
Paddle boarding, standing |
|
18230 |
9.8 |
Water activities |
Swimming laps, freestyle, fast, vigorous effort |
|
18240 |
5.8 |
Water activities |
Swimming laps, freestyle, front crawl, slow, light or moderate effort |
|
18250 |
9.5 |
Water activities |
Swimming, backstroke, general, training or competition |
|
18255 |
4.8 |
Water activities |
Swimming, backstroke, recreational |
|
18260 |
10.3 |
Water activities |
Swimming, breaststroke, general, training or competition |
|
18265 |
5.3 |
Water activities |
Swimming, breaststroke, recreational |
|
18270 |
13.8 |
Water activities |
Swimming, butterfly, general |
|
18280 |
10.0 |
Water activities |
Swimming, crawl, fast speed, ~75 yards/min, vigorous effort |
|
18290 |
8.3 |
Water activities |
Swimming, crawl, medium speed, ~50 yards/min, vigorous effort |
|
18300 |
6.0 |
Water activities |
Swimming, lake, ocean, river (Taylor Codes 280, 295) |
|
18310 |
6.0 |
Water activities |
Swimming, leisurely, not lap swimming, general |
|
18320 |
7.0 |
Water activities |
Swimming, sidestroke, general |
|
18330 |
8.0 |
Water activities |
Swimming, synchronized |
|
18340 |
9.8 |
Water activities |
Swimming, treading water, fast, vigorous effort |
|
18350 |
3.5 |
Water activities |
Swimming, treading water, moderate effort, general |
|
18352 |
2.3 |
Water activities |
Tubing, floating on a river, general |
|
18355 |
5.5 |
Water activities |
Water aerobics, water calisthenics |
|
18360 |
10.0 |
Water activities |
Water polo |
|
18365 |
3.0 |
Water activities |
Water volleyball |
|
18366 |
9.8 |
Water activities |
Water jogging |
|
18367 |
2.5 |
Water activities |
Water walking, light effort, slow pace |
|
18368 |
4.5 |
Water activities |
Water walking, moderate effort, moderate pace |
|
18369 |
6.8 |
Water activities |
Water walking, vigorous effort, brisk pace |
|
18370 |
5.0 |
Water activities |
Whitewater rafting, kayaking, or canoeing |
|
18380 |
5.0 |
Water activities |
Windsurfing, not pumping for speed |
|
18385 |
11.0 |
Water activities |
Windsurfing or kite surfing, crossing trial |
|
18390 |
13.5 |
Water activities |
Windsurfing, competition, pumping for speed |
|
19005 |
7.5 |
Winter activities |
Dog sledding, mushing |
|
19006 |
2.5 |
Winter activities |
Dog sledding, passenger |
|
19010 |
6.0 |
Winter activities |
Moving ice house, set up/drill holes |
|
19011 |
2.0 |
Winter activities |
Ice fishing, sitting |
|
19018 |
14.0 |
Winter activities |
Skating, ice dancing |
|
19020 |
5.5 |
Winter activities |
Skating, ice, 9 mph or less |
|
19030 |
7.0 |
Winter activities |
Skating, ice, general (Taylor Code 360) |
|
19040 |
9.0 |
Winter activities |
Skating, ice, rapidly, more than 9 mph, not competitive |
|
19050 |
13.3 |
Winter activities |
Skating, speed, competitive |
|
19060 |
7.0 |
Winter activities |
Ski jumping, climb up carrying skis |
|
19075 |
7.0 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, general |
|
19080 |
6.8 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, cross country, 2.5 mph, slow or light effort, ski walking |
|
19090 |
9.0 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, cross country, 4.0–4.9 mph, moderate speed and effort, general |
|
19100 |
12.5 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, cross country, 5.0–7.9 mph, brisk speed, vigorous effort |
|
19110 |
15.0 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, cross country, >8.0 mph, elite skier, racing |
|
19130 |
15.5 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, cross country, hard snow, uphill, maximum, snow mountaineering |
|
19135 |
13.3 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, cross-country, skating |
|
19140 |
13.5 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, cross-country, biathlon, skating technique |
|
19150 |
4.3 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, downhill, alpine or snowboarding, light effort, active time only |
|
19160 |
5.3 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, downhill, alpine or snowboarding, moderate effort, general, active time only |
|
19170 |
8.0 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, downhill, vigorous effort, racing |
|
19175 |
12.5 |
Winter activities |
Skiing, roller, elite racers |
|
19180 |
7.0 |
Winter activities |
Sledding, tobogganing, bobsledding, luge (Taylor Code 370) |
|
19190 |
5.3 |
Winter activities |
Snowshoeing, moderate effort |
|
19192 |
10.0 |
Winter activities |
Snowshoeing, vigorous effort |
|
19200 |
3.5 |
Winter activities |
Snowmobiling, driving, moderate |
|
19202 |
2.0 |
Winter activities |
Snowmobiling, passenger |
|
19252 |
5.3 |
Winter activities |
Snow shoveling, by hand, moderate effort |
|
19254 |
7.5 |
Winter activities |
Snow shoveling, by hand, vigorous effort |
|
19260 |
2.5 |
Winter activities |
Snow blower, walking and pushing |
|
20000 |
1.3 |
Religious activities |
Sitting in church, in service, attending a ceremony, sitting quietly |
|
20001 |
2.0 |
Religious activities |
Sitting, playing an instrument at church |
|
20005 |
1.8 |
Religious activities |
Sitting in church, talking or singing, attending a ceremony, sitting, active participation |
|
20010 |
1.3 |
Religious activities |
Sitting, reading religious materials at home |
|
20015 |
1.3 |
Religious activities |
Standing quietly in church, attending a ceremony |
|
20020 |
2.0 |
Religious activities |
Standing, singing in church, attending a ceremony, standing, active participation |
|
20025 |
1.3 |
Religious activities |
Kneeling in church or at home, praying |
|
20030 |
1.8 |
Religious activities |
Standing, talking in church |
|
20035 |
2.0 |
Religious activities |
Walking in church |
|
20036 |
2.0 |
Religious activities |
Walking, less than 2.0 mph, very slow |
|
20037 |
3.5 |
Religious activities |
Walking, 3.0 mph, moderate speed, not carrying anything |
|
20038 |
4.3 |
Religious activities |
Walking, 3.5 mph, brisk speed, not carrying anything |
|
20039 |
2.0 |
Religious activities |
Walk–stand combination for religious purposes, usher |
|
20040 |
5.0 |
Religious activities |
Praise with dance or run, spiritual dancing in church |
|
20045 |
2.5 |
Religious activities |
Serving food at church |
|
20046 |
2.0 |
Religious activities |
Preparing food at church |
|
20047 |
3.3 |
Religious activities |
Washing dishes, cleaning kitchen at church |
|
20050 |
1.5 |
Religious activities |
Eating at church |
|
20055 |
2.0 |
Religious activities |
Eating/talking at church or standing eating, American Indian Feast days |
|
20060 |
3.3 |
Religious activities |
Cleaning church |
|
20061 |
4.0 |
Religious activities |
General yard work at church |
|
20065 |
3.5 |
Religious activities |
Standing, moderate effort (e.g., lifting heavy objects, assembling at fast rate) |
|
20095 |
4.5 |
Religious activities |
Standing, moderate-to-heavy effort, manual labor, lifting ≥50 lb, heavy maintenance |
|
20100 |
1.3 |
Religious activities |
Typing, electric, manual, or computer |
|
21000 |
1.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Sitting, meeting, general, and/or with talking involved |
|
21005 |
1.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Sitting, light office work, in general |
|
21010 |
2.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Sitting, moderate work |
|
21015 |
2.3 |
Volunteer activities |
Standing, light work (filing, talking, assembling) |
|
21016 |
2.0 |
Volunteer activities |
Sitting, child care, only active periods |
|
21017 |
3.0 |
Volunteer activities |
Standing, child care, only active periods |
|
21018 |
3.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Walk/run play with children, moderate, only active periods |
|
21019 |
5.8 |
Volunteer activities |
Walk/run play with children, vigorous, only active periods |
|
21020 |
3.0 |
Volunteer activities |
Standing, light/moderate work (e.g., pack boxes, assemble/repair, setup chairs/furniture) |
|
21025 |
3.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Standing, moderate (lifting 50 lb., assembling at fast rate) |
|
21030 |
4.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Standing, moderate/heavy work |
|
21035 |
1.3 |
Volunteer activities |
Typing, electric, manual, or computer |
|
21040 |
2.0 |
Volunteer activities |
Walking, less than 2.0 mph, very slow |
|
21045 |
3.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Walking, 3.0 mph, moderate speed, not carrying anything |
|
21050 |
4.3 |
Volunteer activities |
Walking, 3.5 mph, brisk speed, not carrying anything |
|
21055 |
3.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Walking, 2.5 mph slowly and carrying objects less than 25 lb |
|
21060 |
4.5 |
Volunteer activities |
Walking, 3.0 mph moderately and carrying objects less than 25 lb, pushing something |
|
21065 |
4.8 |
Volunteer activities |
Walking, 3.5 mph, briskly and carrying objects less than 25 lb |
|
21070 |
3.0 |
Volunteer activities |
Walk–stand combination, for volunteer purposes |
Italicized codes and METs are estimated values
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