Chapter 1
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:S14-S80.
3. American Psychological Association Web site [Internet]. Stress effects on the body. American Psychological Association; Washington, DC [cited 2015 August 26]. Available at www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-body.aspx.
4. American Psychological Association Web site [Internet]. Stress in America: Paying with our health. American Psychological Association; Washington, DC [released February 4, 2015; cited 2015 August 26]. Available at www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/index.aspx.
5. American Psychological Association Web site [Internet]. Types of stress. American Psychological Association; Washington, DC [cited 2015 August 26]. Available at www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress-kinds.aspx.
6. American Psychological Association Web site [Internet]. Understanding chronic stress. American Psychological Association; Washington, DC [cited 2015 August 26]. Available at www.apa.org/helpcenter/understanding-chronic-stress.aspx.
7. Arthritis Foundation Web site [Internet]. Arthritis Facts. Arthritis Foundation; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2015 August 18]. Available at www.arthritis.org/about-arthritis/understanding-arthritis/arthritis-statistics-facts.php.
8. Becker C, McPeck W. Web site [Internet]. Creating positive health: it’s more than risk reduction. National Wellness Institute White Paper. National Wellness Institute; Stevens Point (WI); 2013 [cited 2015 August 26]. Available at www.nationalwellness.org/?page=WhitePapers.
9. Chodzko-Zajko W, Proctor D, Fiatarone Singh M, Minson C, Nigg C, Salem G, Skinner J. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med SciSports Exerc .2009;41:1510-1530.
10. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2011;43(7):1334-1359.
11. Hettler B. Web site [Internet]. Six dimensions of wellness. National Wellness Institute; Stevens Point, (WI); 1976 [cited 2015 August 26]. Available at www.nationalwellness.org/?page=Six_Dimensions.
12. Kottler JA, Chen DD. Stress Management and Prevention: Application to Everyday Life. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Routledge Taylor & Francis; 2011. 407 p.
13. Long BC, Van Stavel R. Effects of exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol. 1995;7:167-189.
14. Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Conner E. Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1997;96:2468-2482.
15. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health Web site [Internet]. Your Guide to Healthy Sleep. NIH publication no. 11-5271. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute; Bethesda (MD); 2011 [cited 2015 August 18]. Available at www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm.
16. National Institute of Mental Health Web site [Internet]. Q&A on stress for adults: how it affects your health and what you can do about it. National Institute of Mental Health; Bethesda (MD) [cited 2015 August 26]. Available at www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/stress/index.shtml.
17. National Sleep Foundation Web site [Internet]. 2013 Sleep in America poll: exercise and sleep. National Sleep Foundation; Arlington (VA); 2013 [cited 2015 August 18]. Available at http://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-polls-data/sleep-in-america-poll/2013-exercise-and-sleep.
18. National Sleep Foundation Web site [Internet]. How much sleep do we really need? National Sleep Foundation; Arlington (VA); 2013 [cited 2015 August 18]. Available at http://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need.
19. Owen N. Sedentary 55(6):535-539.
20. Patel AV, Bernstein L, Deka A, Feigelson HS, Campbell PT, Gapstur SM, Colditz GA, Thun MJ. Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. Am J Epidemiol . 2010;172(4):419-429.
21. Penedo FJ, Dahn JR. Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatr . 2005;18(2):189-193.
22. President’s Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition Web site [Internet]. Presidential Youth Fitness Program. President’s Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition; Rockville (MD) [cited 2015 August 18]. Available at www.pyfp.org/.
23. Staiano AE, Harrington DM, Barreira TV, Katzmarzyk PT. Sitting time and cardiometabolic risk in U.S. adults: associations by sex, race, socioeconomic status and activity level. Br J Sports Med.2014;48(3):213-219.
24. Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Sinha R. The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Med. 2014;44:81-121.
25. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2015 August 18]. Available at http://health.gov/paguidelines/.
26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Healthy People 2020. USDHHS; Washington, DC; 2014 [cited 2015 September 2]. Available at www.healthypeople.gov/2020/How-to-Use-DATA2020.
27. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. USDHHS; Washington, DC; 1999 [cited 2015 September 2]. Available at www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/index.htm.
28. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2016 January 13]. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
29. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2015 August 19]. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/.
Chapter 2
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
2. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Web site [Internet]. The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone. CSEP; Ottawa, ON, Canada; [cited 12 October 2015]. Available at: http://www.csep.ca/en/publications.
3. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334-1359.
4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Web site [Internet]. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA); [cited 2015 August 18]. Available at: http://health.gov/paguidelines/
Chapter 3
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. 868 p.
3. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, and Dietitians of Canada. Position stand: nutrition and athletic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2009;41:709-731.
4. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2007 Update At-a-Glance [cited 2010 May 26]. Available from: www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1166712318459HS_StatsInsideText.pdf.
5. Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. J Athl Train. 2000;35(2):212-224.
6. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Int Med.1997;126:497-504.
7. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Beverage use and risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Int Med. 1999;128:534-540.
8. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235-241.
9. Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2005.
10. Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2005.
11. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine Web site [Internet]. Dietary Reference Intakes. IOM; Washington, DC [accessed 2015 October 28]. Available from: http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes.
12. Hamada K, Doi T, Sakura M, et al. Effects of hydration on fluid balance and lower-extremity blood viscosity during long airplane flights. JAMA. 2002;287:844-845.
13. Harris J, Benedict F. A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism in Man. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington; 1919. Publication no. 279.
14. Hulston CJ, Jeukendrup AE. No placebo effect from carbohydrate intake during prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab . 2009;19(3):275-284.
15. Jones JM, Anderson JW. Grain foods and health: a primer for clinicians. Phys Sportsmed . 2008;36(1):18-33.
16. Math MV, Rampal PM, Faure XR, Delmont JP. Gallbladder emptying after drinking water and its possible role in prevention of gallstone formation. Singapore Med J. 1986;27:531-532.
17. Maughan RJ, Dargavel LA, Hares R, Shirreffs SM. Water and salt balance of well-trained swimmers in training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab . 2009;19(6):598-606.
18. McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA. 1993;270(18):2207-2212.
19. Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daughterty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51:241-247.
20. Minino A, Smith L. Deaths: preliminary data for 2000. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2001;49(12):1-40.
21. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004;291:1238-1245.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2014.
23. National Osteoporosis Foundation Web site [Internet]. What Is Osteoporosis? Washington, DC; National Osteoporosis Foundation [cited 2010 May 26]. Available from; www.nof.org/.
24. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Lamb MM, Flegal KM. Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):242-249.
25. Pereira MA, Kottke TE, Jordan C, O'Connor PJ, Pronk NP, Carreón R. Preventing and managing cardiometabolic risk: the logic for intervention. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2009;6(10):2568-2584.
26. Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfield NS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc .2007;39(2):377-390.
27. Slattery ML, Caan BJ, Anderson KE, Potter JD. Intake of fluids and methylxantine-containing beverages: association with colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 1999;81:199-204.
28. U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. ChooseMyPlate. USDA; Alexandria (VA) [accessed 4 November 2015]. Available from; www.choosemyplate.gov/.
29. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services Web site [Internet]. Nutrient Data Laboratory. USDA-ARS; Beltsville (MD) [accessed 5 October 2015]. Available from: http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/.
30. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020. 8th ed. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited 2016 January15]. Available from; http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
31. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. How to Understand and Use the Nutrition Facts Label. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited 2015 October 15]. Available from: www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/labelingnutrition/ucm274593.htm.
32. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee [cited 2016 January 15]. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/.
33. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Web site [Internet]. Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label. Silver Spring (MD): USFDA [cited 2016 May 21]. Available from: www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm385663.htm.
34. U.S. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and National Institutes of Health Web site [Internet]. National Library of Medicine; Bethesda (MD) [cited 2015 October 5]. Available from: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/.
Chapter 4
1. American College of Sports Medicine. Nigg CR, ed. ACSM’s Behavioral Aspects of Physical Activity and Exercise. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. 284 p.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
3. Buckworth J. Behavior change. In: Howley ET, Thompson DL, Fitness Professional’s Handbook, 6th ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2012. 596 p.
4. Health Canada Web site [Internet]. Overcoming barriers: Canada’s Food Guide. Ottawa, ON; Health Canada [cited 2015 November 14]. Available from: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/maintain-adopt/obstacles-eng.php.
5. Norcross JC, Mrykalo MS, Blagys MD. Auld Lang Syne: success predictors, change processes, and self-reported outcomes of New Year’s resolvers and nonresolvers. J Clin Psychol. 2002;54(4):397-405.
6. Norcross JC, Vangarelli DJ. The resolution solution: longitudinal examination of New Year’s change attempts. J Subst Abuse. 1989;1:127-134.
7. U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. ChooseMyPlate. USDA; Alexandria (VA) [accessed 4 November 2015]. Available from: www.choosemyplate.gov/.
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Web site [Internet]. Adding Physical Activity to Your Life. USDHHS, CDC; Atlanta (GA)[accessed 16 November 2015]. Available from; www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adding-pa/barriers.html.
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Web site [Internet]. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited 2015 August 18]. Available from: http://health.gov/paguidelines/.
10. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee [cited 2015 August 19]. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/.
11. Zimmerman GL, Olsen CG, Bosworth MF. A “stages of change” approach to helping patients change behavior. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(5):1409-1416.
Chapter 5
1. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett Jr DR, Tudor-Locke C, Greer JL, Vezina J, Whitt-Glover MC, Leon AS. The Compendium of Physical Activities Tracking Guide Web site [Internet]. Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University [cited 2015 September 21]. Available from: https://sites.google.com/site/compendiumofphysicalactivities/.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
3. Cooper Institute. Meredith MD, Welk GJ, eds. FitnessGram / Activitygram Test Administration Manual, updated 4th ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013. 142 p.
4. Cooper Institute Web site [Internet]. Health Fitness Zone Standards v10. The Cooper Institute; Dallas (TX) [cited 2015 September 16]. Available from: www.cooperinstitute.org/healthyfitnesszone.
5. Cureton KJ, Sloniger MA, O’Bannon JP, Black DM, McCormack WP. A generalized equation for prediction of VO2peak from 1-mile run/walk performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1995;27:445-451.
6. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2011;43(7):1334-1359.
7. Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Senior Fitness Test Manual. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013. 186 p.
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Web site [Internet]. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2015 August 18]. Available from: http://health.gov/paguidelines/.
Chapter 6
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
2. Artero E, Lee D, Lavie C, España-Romero V, Sui X, Church T, Blair S. Effects of muscular strength on cardiovascular risk factors and prognosis. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2012;32:351-358.
3. Chodzko-Zajko W, Proctor D, Fiatarone Singh M, Minson C, Nigg C, Salem G, Skinner J. American College of Sports Medicine postion stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med SciSports Exerc .2009;41:1510-1530.
4. Cooper Institute Web site [Internet]. Health Fitness Zone Standards v10. The Cooper Institute; Dallas (TX); [cited 2015 September 16].Available from: http://www.cooperinstitute.org/healthyfitnesszone
5. Cooper Institute, ed. FitnessGram / ActivityGram Test Adminstration Manual. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013. 141 p.
6. Faigenbaum A, Westcott W. Youth Strength Training. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2009. 235 p.
7. Fleck S, Kraemer W. Designing Resistance Training Programs. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2014. 520 p.
8. Giangregorio L, Papaioannou A, Macintyre N, Ashe M, Heinonen A, Shipp K, Wark J, McGill S, Keller H, Jain R, Laprade J, Cheung A. Too Fit to Fracture: exercise recommendations for individuals with osteoporosis or osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:821-835.
9. Gómez-Cabello A, Ara I, González-Agüero A, Casajús J, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Effects of training on bone mass in older adults: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2012;42:301-325.
10. Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Hortobágyi T, Kressig R, Muehlbauer T. The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance, and fall prevention in seniors: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2013;43:627-641.
11. Guadalupe-Grau A, Fuentes T, Guerra B, Calbet A. Exercise and bone mass in adults. Sports Med. 2009;39:439-468.
12. Hurley B, Hanson E, Sheaff A. Strength training as a countermeasure to aging muscle and chronic disease. Sports Med. 2011;41:289-306.
13. Kerr Z, Collins C, Comstock R. Epidemiology of weight training-related injuries presenting to United States emergency departments, 1990 to 2007. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:765-771.
14. Krieger J. Single versus multiple sets of resistance exercise: a meta-regression. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23:1890-1901.
15. Marcell T. Sarcopenia: causes, consequences, and preventions. J Gerontol A Biol Med Sci. 2003;58:M911-M916.
16. Mazzetti SA, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Duncan ND, Ratamess NA, Gomez AL, Newton RU, Hakkinen K, Fleck SJ. The influence of direct supervision of resistance training on strength performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc .2000;32:1175-1184.
17. Myer G, Quatman C, Khoury J, Wall E, Hewett T. Youth vs. adult "weightlifting" injuries presented to United States emergency rooms: accidental vs. non-accidental injury mechanisms. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23:2054-2060.
18. Peterson M, Rhea M, Sen A, Gordon P. Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2010;9:226-237.
19. Radaelli R, Fleck S, Leite T, Leite R, Pinto R, Fernandes L, Simão R. Dose-response of 1, 3, and 5 sets of resistance exercise on strength, local muscular endurance, and hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res.2015;29:1349-1358.
20. Ratamess N. ACSM's Foundations of Strength Training and Conditioning. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. 560 p.
21. Ratamess N, Alvar B, Evetoch T, Housh T, Kibler WB, Kraemer WJ, Triplett T. Progression models in resistance training in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2009;41:687-708.
22. Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Hoffman JR, Kang J. Self-selected resistance training intensity in healthy women: the influence of a personal trainer. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22:103-111.
23. Reid K, Fielding R. Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40:4-12.
24. Rikli R, Jones C. Senior Fitness Test Manual. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013.
25. Ruiz JR, Sui X, Lobelo F, Morrow JR Jr, Jackson AW, Sjöström M, Blair S. Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:92-95.
26. Strasser B, Schobersberger W. Evidence of resistance training as a treatment therapy in obesity. J Obesity. 2011, 2011: 482564.
27. Trombetti A, Reid K, Hars M, Herrmann F, Pasha E, Phillips E, Fielding R. Age-associated declines in muscle mass, strength, power, and physical performance: impact on fear of falling and quality of life. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(2):463-71.
28. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2015 August 15]. Available at http://health.gov/paguidelines/.
29. Weinsier R, Schutz Y, Bracco D. Reexamination of the relationship of resting metabolic rate to fat-free mass and to the metabolically active components of fat-free mass in humans. Am J Clin Nutr .1992;55:790-794.
30. Westcott W. Resistance training is medicine: effects of strength training on health. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11:209-216.
31. Westcott W, Baechle T. Strength Training Past 50. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2015. 264 p.
32. Williams M, Stewart K. Impact of strength and resistance training on cardiovascular disease risk factors and outcomes in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25:703-714.
33. World Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: WHO Press; 2010. 60 p.
Chapter 7
1. Alter MJ. Science of Flexibility. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 1996. 373 p.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(6):975-991.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
4. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Resources for the Personal Trainer. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. 627 p.
5. Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. ApplPhysiol Nutr Metab . 2016;41:1-11.
6. Christmas C, Andersen RA. Exercise and older patients: guidelines for the clinician. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(3):318-324.
7. Covert CA, Alexander MP, Petronis JJ, Davis DS. Comparison of ballistic and static stretching on hamstring muscle length using an equal stretching dose. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(11):3008-3014.
8. Deslandes A, Moraes H, Ferreira C, et al. Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology . 2009;59(4):191-198.
9. Doriot N, Wang X. Effects of age and gender on maximum voluntary range of motion of the upper body joints. Ergonomics. 2006;49(3):269-281.
10. Golding LA, Myers CR. Y's Way to Physical Fitness: The Complete Guide to Fitness Testing and Instruction. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 1989. 192 p.
11. Herbert RD, Gabriel M. Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: systematic review. BMJ. 2002;325(7362):468 p.
12. McMillian DJ, Moore JH, Hatler BS, Taylor DC. Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(3):492-499.
13. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Reducing psychosocial stress: a novel mechanism of improving survival from exercise training. Am J Med. 2009;122(10):931-938.
14. Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Connor E. Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Writing Group. Circulation. 1997;96(7):2468-2482.
15. Nieman D. Exercise Testing & Prescription. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill Education; 2011. 652 p.
16. Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Senior Fitness Test Manual. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013. 186 p.
17. Shin G, Shu Y, Li Z, Jiang Z, Mirka G. Influence of knee angle and individual flexibility on the flexion-relaxation response of the low back musculature. J Electromyogr Kinesiol . 2004;14(4):485-494.
18. The Cooper Institute. FitnessGram / ActivityGram Test Administration Manual. Updated 4th ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013.142 p.
19. van der Heijden MM, van Dooren FE, Pop VJ, Pouwer F. Effects of exercise training on quality of life, symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety and emotional well-being in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetologia . 2013;56(6):1210-1225.
20. Woolstenhulme MT, Griffiths CM, Woolstenhulme EM, Parcell AC. Ballistic stretching increases flexibility and acute vertical jump height when combined with basketball activity. J Strength Cond Res.2006;20(4):799-803.
Chapter 8
1. Adkins D, Boychuk J, Remple M, Kleim J. Motor training induces experience-specific patterns of plasticity across motor cortex and spinal cord. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101:1776-1782.
2. Aman J, Elangovan N, Konczak J. The effectiveness of proprioceptive training for improving motor function: a systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci . 2015;8(1075):1-18.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
4. Brach J, Lowry K, Perera S, Hornyak V, Wert D, Studenski S, VanSwearingen J. Improving motor control in walking: a randomized clinical trial in older adults with subclinical walking difficulty. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2015;96(3):388-394.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site [Internet]. STEADI (Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries) materials for health care providers: the 4-stage balance test. April 20, 2015 [cited 2015 June 10]. Available at www.cdc.gov/injury/STEADI.
6. Chin A, van Uffelen J, Riphagen I, van Mechelen W. The functional effects of physical exercise training in frail older people: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2008;38(9):781-793.
7. Duncan PW, Weiner DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. J Gerontol . 1990;45(6):M192-M197.
8. Edgren H. An experiment in the testing of agility and progress in basketball. Res Q. 1932;3(1):159-171.
9. Farlie M, Robins L, Keating J, Molloy E, Haines T. Intensity of challenge to the balance system is not reported in the prescription of balance exercises in randomised trials: a systematic review. J Physiother . 2013;59:227-235.
10. Forman D, Fleg J. Special populations: aging. In: Ehrman J, et al. Clinical Exercise Phsyiology . Human Kinetics: Champaign (IL); 2013, p. 589-604.
11. Garber C, Blissmer B, Deschenes M, Franklin B, Lamonte M, Lee I, Nieman D, Swain D. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2011;1334-1359.
12. Gatts A. Neural mechanics underlying balance control in Tai Chi. Med Sports Sci. 2008;52:87-103.
13. Gillespie L, Robertson M, Gillespie W. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2:CD007146.
14. Hewett T, Myer G, Ford K. Reducing knee and anterior cruciate ligament injuries among female athletes: a systematic review of neuromuscular training interventions. J Knee Surg. 2005;18(1):82-88.
15. Hubscher M, Refshauge K. Neuromuscular training strategies for preventing lower limb injuries: what's new and what are the practical implications of what we already know? Br J Sports Med.2013;47(15):939-940.
16. Jones C, Rikli R, Beam W. A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999;70(2):113-119.
17. Liu H, Frank A. Tai Chi as a balance improvement exercise for older adults: a systematic review. J Geriatr Phys Ther . 2010;33(3):103-109.
18. Pauole K, Madole K, Garhammer J, Lacourse M, Rozenek R. Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. J Strength Cond Res.2000;14(4):443-450.
19. Rikli R, Jones C. Development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical indpendence in later years. Gerontologist. 2013;53(2):255-267.
20. Rikli R, Jones C. Senior Fitness Test Manual. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013. 186 p.
21. Semenick D. The T-test. Natl Strength Cond Assoc J. 1990;12(1):36-37.
22. Springer B, Marin R, Cyhan T, Roberts H, Gill N. Normative values for the unipedal stance test with eyes open and closed. J Geriatr Phys Ther . 2007;30(1):8-15.
23. Theou O, Stathokostas L, Roland K, Jakobi J, Patterson C, Vandervoort A, Jones G. The effectiveness of exercise interventions for the management of frailty: a sytemtaic review. J Aging Res. 2011;2011;1-19.
24. Umphred D. Neurological Rehabilitation. Burton G, Rolando T, Roller M, eds. 5th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby/Elsevier; 2007. 1257 p.
25. Wayne P, Berkowitz D, Litrownik D, Buring J, Yeh G. What do we really know about the safety of Tai Chi?: a systematic review of adverse event reports in randomized trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil .2015;95(12):2470-2483.
26. Weiner DK, Duncan PW, Chandler J, Studenski SA. Functional reach: a marker of physical frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(3):203-207.
27. Wolpaw J. Spinal cord plasticity in acquisition and maintenance motor skills. Acta Physiol. 2007;189:155-169.
Chapter 9
1. Adolph KE, Joh AS. Motor development: how infants get into the act. In: Slater A, Lewis M, eds. Introduction to Infant Development. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2007, p. 63-80.
2. Adolphus K, Lawton CL, Dye L. The effects of breakfast on behavior and academic performance in children and adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci . 2013;7:425.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
4. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. 896 p.
5. Behm DG, Faigenbaum AD, Falk B, Klentrou P. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position paper: resistance training in children and adolescents. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab . 2008;33:547-561.
6. Belcher BR, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, et al. Physical activity in U.S. youth: effect of race/ethnicity, age, gender, and weight status. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2010;42:2211-2221.
7. Briefel RR., Johnson CL. Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States. Annu Rev Nutr . 2004;24:401-431.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site [Internet]. The association between school based physical activity, including physical education, and academic performance. CDC; Atlanta (GA); [accessed 15 November 2015]. Available from:www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/health_and_academics/pdf/pa-pe_paper.pdf.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2007. MMWR. 2008;57(SS04):1-131.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site [Internet]. About child and teen BMI. CDC; Atlanta (GA); [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site [Internet]. Childhood overweight and obesity. CDC; Atlanta (GA); [cited 2010 May 15]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html.
12. Chung AE, Skinner AC, Steiner MJ, et al. Physical activity and BMI in a national representative sample of children and adolescents. Clin Pediatr ( Phila ). 2012;51:122-129.
13. Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJR, et al. Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Strength Cond Res.2009;23(suppl 5):S60-S79.
14. Faigenbaum AD, Micheli LJ. Youth strength training. ACSM current comment [Internet] ACSM; Indianapolis (IN); [cited 3 June 2010]. Available at www.acsm.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Current_Comments1.
15. Ferraro KF, Thorpe RJ, Wilkinson JA. The life course of severe obesity: does childhood overweight matter? J Gerontol . 2003;58B(2):S110-S119.
16. Forshee RA, Anderson PA, Storey ML. Changes in calcium intake and association with beverage consumption and demographics: comparing data from CSFII 1994–1996, 1998 and NHANES 1999–2002. J Am Coll Nutr .2006;25:108-116.
17. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the Bogalusa Study. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):712-718.
18. Fulkerson JA, Story M, Mellin A, Leffert N, et al. Family dinner meal frequency and adolescent development: relationships with developmental assets and high-risk behaviors. J AdolescHealth.2006;39:337-345.
19. Giddings SS, Dennison BA, Birch LL, et al. Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: a guide for practitioners. Consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation.2005;112(13):2061-2075.
20. Haskell WL, Lee I-M, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med SciSports Exerc .2007;39:1423-1434.
21. Janssen I, LeBlanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:40.
22. MacKelvie KJ, Khan KM, McKay HA. Is there a critical period for bone response to weight-bearing exercise in children and adolescents? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:250-257.
23. Morgan DW. Right from the start: promotion of health-related fitness in toddlers and preschoolers. Kinesiol Rev. 2013;2:88-92.
24. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Active Start: A Statement of Physical Activity Guidelines for Children from Birth to Five Years. 2nd ed. Reston (VA): NASPE; 2009. 48 p.
25. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Physical Activity for Children: A Statement of Guidelines for Children Ages 5-12. 2nd ed. Reston (VA): NASPE; 2004. 28 p.
26. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Web site [Internet]. NHLBI; Bethesda (MD); [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe/risks.
27. National Physical Activity Plan Alliance Web site [Internet]. 2014 United States Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. NPAP; Columbia (SC); [cited 2015 November 16] Available from: www.physicalactivityplan.org/reportcard/NationalReportCard_longform_final%20for%20web.pdf.
28. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age among U.S. children and adolescents 2003-2006. JAMA. 2008;299(20):2401-2405.
29. Paredes AZ, Persaud E, Shelnutt KP. Raising healthy children: the importance of family meals. University of Florida IFAS Extension Web site [Internet] IFAS-IT; Gainesville (FL); [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1195.
30. Pate RR, Baranowski T, Dowda M, et al. Tracking of physical activity in young children. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1996;28:92-96.
31. Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM. Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110:1477-1484.
32. Shay CM, Ning H, Daniels SR, et al. Status of cardiovascular health in U.S. adolescents: prevalence estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2005–2010. Circulation. 2013;127:1369-1376.
33. Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimke CJR, et al. Evidence based physical activity for school-aged youth. J Pediatr . 2005;146:732-737.
34. Telema R. Tracking of physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a review. Obes Facts. 2009;3:187-195.
35. Thune I, Furberg A-S. Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites, and site-specific. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2001;33(supp 6):S530-S550.
36. Timmons BW, Naylor, P-J, Pfeiffer KA. Physical activity for preschool children – how much and how? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab . 2007;32:S122-S134.
37. Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, et al. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2008;40:181-188.
38. U.S. Department of Agriculture Website [Internet]. Alexandria (VA); USDA [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: www.ChooseMyPlate.gov/.
39. U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Agriculture Research Service. 2010. Nutrient intakes from food: mean amounts consumed per individual, by gender and age. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007-2008. Available from: www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg.
40. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA);[cited 2010 January 1]. Available from: www.health.gov/paguidelines.
41. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet}. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 and Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 Washington DC; USDHHS; [cited 2011 February 1]. Available from: https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2010/.
42. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture website [Internet]. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2016 August 11]. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
43. U.S. National Library of Medicine Web site [Internet]. Causes and risks for obesity – children [cited 2015 November 16]. Available from: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000383.htm.
Chapter 10
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. 868 p.
3. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2011;43(7):1334-1359.
4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited 2010 January 4]. Available from: www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/default.htm#2.
5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited 2015 November 4]. Available from: http://health.gov/paguidelines/.
6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC; USDHHS; 2014 [cited 2015 September 2]. Available at www.healthypeople.gov/2020/How-to-Use-DATA2020.
7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements Web site [Internet]. Vitamin and mineral supplement fact sheets. Bethesda (MD); NIH, Office of Dietary Supplements [cited 2015 October 29]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-VitaminsMinerals/.
8. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited 2016 January 13]. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited 2016 January 20]. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/.
10. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Web site [Internet]. Sodium in Your Diet: Using the Nutrition Facts Label to Reduce Your Intake. Silver Spring (MD); FDA [cited 2015 November 2]. Available from: www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm315393.htm.
Chapter 11
1. Alzheimer’s Association Web site [Internet]. Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. 2013. Alzheimer’s Association; Chicago (IL); [cited 2015 August 15]. Available from www.alz.org/downloads/facts_figures_2013.pdf.
2. Arem H, Moore SC, Patel A, et al. Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(6):959-967.
3. Barnes JN. Exercise, cognitive function, and aging. Adv Physiol Educ. 2015;39:55-62.
4. Bay SL, Baxter AS, Leite GF. Prevalence of self-reported sleep disorders among older adults and the association of disturbed sleep with service demand and medical conditions. Int Psychogeriatr . 2008;20(3):582-595.
5. Bell AJ, Talbot-Stern JK, Hennessy A. Characteristics and outcomes of older patients presenting to the emergency department after a fall: a retrospective analysis. Med J Aust. 2000;173(4):176-177.
6. Booth FW, Roberts CK, Laye MJ. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr Physiol. 2012;2(2):1143-1211.
7. Brown AD, McMorris CA, Longman RS, et al. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and cerebral blood flow on cognitive outcomes in older women. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31:2047-2057.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Web site [Internet] Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). CDC; Atlanta (GA); [cited 2015 August 15]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.
9. Chen KM, Chen MH, Chao HC, et al. Sleep quality, depression state, and health status of older adults after silver yoga exercises: cluster randomized trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(2):154-163.
10. Cho J, Shin MK, Kim D, et al. Treadmill running reverses cognitive declines due to Alzheimer’s disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2015;47(9):1814-1824.
11. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone MA, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2009;41:1510-1530.
12. Cricco M, Simonsick EM, Foley DJ. The impact of insomnia on cognitive functioning in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(9):1185-1189.
13. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintain cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2011;43(7):1334-1359.
14. Gebel K, Ding D, Chey T, et al. Effects of moderate to vigorous physical activity on all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Australians. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(6):970-977.
15. King AC, Pruitt LA, Woo S, et al. Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on polysomnographic and subjective sleep quality in older adults with mild to moderate sleep complaints. J Gerontol A Biol SciMed Sci.2008;63(9):997-1004.
16. Magaziner J, Hawkes W, Hebel JR, Zimerman SI, Fox KM, Dolan M, et al. Recovery from hip fracture in eight areas of function. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2000;55A(9):M498-M507.
17. Marks R, Allegrante JP, MacKenzie CR, Lane JM. Hip fractures among the elderly: causes, consequences and control. Aging Res Rev. 2003;2:57-93.
18. National Institute on Aging Web site [Internet]. Exercise & Physical Activity: Your Everyday Guide. 2011. NIA; Bethesda (MD); [cited 2015 August 15]. Available from www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/exercise-physical-activity/introduction.pdf.
19. Reid KJ, Baron KG, Lu B, et al. Aerobic exercise improves self-reported sleep and quality of life in older adults with insomnia. Sleep Med. 2010;11:934-940.
20. Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Senior Fitness Test Manual. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013. 186 p.
21. Stewart R, Besset A, Bebbington P, et al. Insomnia comorbidity and impact and hypnotic use by age group in a national survey population aged 16 to 74 years. Sleep. 2006;29(11):1391-1397.
22. Suzuki T, Shimada H, Makizako H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of multicomponent exercise in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. PLoS One. 2013;8:e61483.
23. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, et al. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2003;107:3109-3116.
24. Trappe S, Hayes E, Galpin A, et al. New records in aerobic power among octogenarian lifelong endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(1):3-10.
25. Tromp AM, Pluijm SMF, Smit JH, et al. Fall-risk screening test: a prospective study on predictors for falls in community-dwelling elderly. J Clin Epidemiol . 2001;54(8):837-844.
26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 20 January 2016]. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015.asp.
27. van der Ploeg HP, Chey T, Korda RJ, Banks E, Bauman A. Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222 497 Australian adults. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(6):494-500.
28. Wright KP, Frey DJ. Age related changes in sleep and circadian physiology: from brain mechanisms to sleep behavior. In: Avidan AY, Alessi C, Geriatric Sleep Medicine. New York (NY): CRC Press; 2009, p. 1-18.
Chapter 12
1. Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013;346:f1378.
2. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
3. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Alcohol and Heart Health [updated January 12, 2015] Dallas (TX); AHA; [cited September 2, 2015]. Available from: www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Alcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp.
4. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids [updated June 15, 2015] Dallas (TX); AHA; [cited September 2, 2015]. Available from: www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Fish-and-Omega-3-Fatty-Acids_UCM_303248_Article.jsp.
5. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Saturated fats [updated January 12, 2015] Dallas (TX): AHA; [cited September 2, 2015]. Available from: www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Saturated-Fats_UCM_301110_Article.jsp.
6. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Trans fat [updated August 5, 2015] Dallas (TX): AHA; [cited September 2, 2015]. Available from: www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Trans-Fats_UCM_301120_Article.jsp.
7. American Heart Association Web site [Internet]. Understand Your Risk of Heart Attack. Dallas (TX); AHA;[cited November 21, 2015]. Available from: www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/UnderstandYourRiskofHeartAttack/Understand-Your-Risk-of-Heart-Attack_UCM_002040_Article.jsp - .VlEMPq6rT-Y.
8. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47(2):296-308.
9. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1117-1124.
10. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA.2003;289(19):2560-2572.
11. Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 suppl 2):S76-S99.
12. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-2497.
13. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685-1695.
14. Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3481-3488.
15. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29-e322.
16. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC. Bethesda (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2005.
17. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Web site [Internet]. What Is the DASH eating plan? Bethesda (MD); NHLBI; [cited September 2, 2015]. Available from: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/dash.
18. Pescatello LS, MacDonald HV, Ash GI, et al. Assessing the existing professional exercise recommendations for hypertension: a review and recommendations for future research priorities. Mayo Clin Proc.2015;90(6):801-812.
19. Rosendorff C, Lackland DT, Allison M, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. Circulation. 2015;131(19):e435-e470.
20. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med.2001;344(1):3-10.
21. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 suppl 2):S1-S45.
22. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Part A. Executive Summary. Cross-Cutting Topics of Public Health. USDA and USDHHS; 2015.
23. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2008. Atlanta (GA): USDHHS [cited September 11, 2015]. Available at http://health.gov/paguidelines/guidelines/.
24. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient Intakes from Food and Beverages: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, by Gender and Age. USDA, ARS; 2014.
25. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Web site [Internet]. Sodium in Your Diet: Using the Nutrition Facts Label to Reduce Your Intake [updated September 3, 2015]. Silver Spring (MD); USFDA; [cited September 11, 2015]. Available from: www.fda.gov/Food/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm315393.htm.
26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Your Guide to Lowering Cholesterol with Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes. NIH publication no. 06-5235, December 2005.
Chapter 13
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in print.
2. American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39 suppl:S13-S22.
3. American Diabetes Association. Foundations of care: education, nutrition, physical activity, smoking cessation, psychosocial care, and immunization. Diabetes Care. 2016;39 suppl:S23-S35.
4. American Diabetes Association. Glycemic targets. Diabetes Care. 2016;398 suppl:S39-S46.
5. American Diabetes Association. Microvascular complications and foot care. Diabetes Care. 2016. 39 suppl:S72-S80.
6. American Diabetes Association. Children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2016;39 suppl:S86-S93.
7. Balducci S, Iacobellis G, Parisi L, Di Biase N, Calandriello E, Leonetti F, Fallucca F. Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20:216-223.
8. Brand-Miller J, McMillan-Price J, Steinbeck K, Caterson I. Dietary glycemic index: health implications. J Am Coll Nutr . 2009;28 suppl:446s-449s.
9. Brazeau AS, Leroux C, Mircescu H, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Physical activity level and body composition among adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Med. 2012;29:e402-e408. doi: 410.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03757.x.
10. Burge MR, Garcia N, Qualls CR, Schade DS. Differential effects of fasting and dehydration in the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis. Metabolism. 2001;50:171-177.
11. Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL. Type 1 diabetes through the lifespan: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2034-2054.
12. Chimen M, Kennedy A, Nirantharakumar K, Pang TT, Andrews R, Narendran P. What are the health benefits of physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus? A literature review. Diabetologia .2012;55:542-551.
13. Chu L, Hamilton J, Riddell MC. Clinical management of the physically active patient with type 1 diabetes. Phys Sportsmed . 2011;39:64-77.
14. Colberg SR, ed. Diabetic Athlete's Handbook. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2009. 284 p.
15. Colberg SR, Albright AL, Blissmer BJ, Braun B, Chasan-Taber L, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Rubin RR, Sigal RJ; American College of Sports Medicine; American Diabetes Association. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2010;42:2282-2303.
16. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ. Prescribing exercise for individuals with type 2 diabetes: recommendations and precautions. Phys Sportsmed . 2011;39:13-26.
17. Colberg SR, Vinik AI. Exercising with peripheral or autonomic neuropathy: what health care providers and diabetic patients need to know. Phys Sportsmed . 2014;42:15-23.
18. Colberg SR, Zarrabi L, Bennington L, Nakave A, Thomas Somma C, Swain DP, Sechrist SR. Postprandial walking is better for lowering the glycemic effect of dinner than pre-dinner exercise in type 2 diabetic individuals. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009;10:394-397.
19. Cooper AR, Sebire S, Montgomery AA, Peters TJ, Sharp DJ, Jackson N, Fitzsimons K, Dayan CM, Andrews RC. Sedentary time, breaks in sedentary time and metabolic variables in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia . 2012;55:589-599.
20. Delvecchio M, Zecchino C, Salzano G, Faienza MF, Cavallo L, De Luca F, Lombardo F. Effects of moderate-severe exercise on blood glucose in Type 1 diabetic adolescents treated with insulin pump or glargine insulin. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009;32:519-524.
21. D'Hooge R, Hellinckx T, Van Laethem C, Stegen S, De Schepper J, Van Aken S, Dewolf D, Calders P. Influence of combined aerobic and resistance training on metabolic control, cardiovascular fitness and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil . 2011;25:349-359.
22. Farmer A, Balman E, Gadsby R, Moffatt J, Cradock S, McEwen L, Jameson K. Frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: association with hypoglycaemic events. CurrMed Res Opin .2008;24:3097-3104.
23. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP, American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc .2011;43:1334-1359.
24. Grossman E, Messerli FH. Management of blood pressure in patients with diabetes. Am J Hypertens . 2011;24:863-875.
25. Hawley JA, Lessard SJ. Exercise training-induced improvements in insulin action. Acta Physiol ( Oxf ). 2008;192:127-135.
26. Herriott MT, Colberg SR, Parson HK, Nunnold T, Vinik AI. Effects of 8 weeks of flexibility and resistance training in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2988-2989.
27. Houmard JA, Tanner CJ, Slentz CA, Duscha BD, McCartney JS, Kraus WE. Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96:101-106.
28. Jimenez C, Santiago M, Sitler M, Boden G, Homko C. Insulin-sensitivity response to a single bout of resistive exercise in type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Sport Rehabil . 2009;18:564-571.
29. Johansen KL. Exercise and chronic kidney disease: current recommendations. Sports Med. 2005;35:485-499.
30. Kalergis M, Schiffrin A, Gougeon R, Jones PJ, Yale JF. Impact of bedtime snack composition on prevention of nocturnal hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes undergoing intensive insulin management using lispro insulin before meals: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:9-15.
31. Kilbride L, Charlton J, Aitken G, Hill GW, Davison RC, McKnight JA. Managing blood glucose during and after exercise in Type 1 diabetes: reproducibility of glucose response and a trial of a structured algorithm adjusting insulin and carbohydrate intake. J Clin Nurs . 2011;20:3423-3429.
32. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med.2002;346:393-403.
33. Kones R. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: integration of new data, evolving views, revised goals, role of rosuvastatin in management. A comprehensive survey. Drug Des Devel Ther .2011;5:325-380.
34. Kuritzky L, Samraj GP. Enhanced glycemic control with combination therapy for type 2 diabetes in primary care. Diabetes Ther . 2011;2:162-177.
35. McBride PE, Einerson JA, Grant H, Sargent C, Underbakke G, Vitcenda M, Zeller L, Stein JH. Putting the Diabetes Prevention Program into practice: a program for weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction for patients with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes nellitus. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:745s-749s.
36. McMahon SK, Ferreira LD, Ratnam N, Davey RJ, Youngs LM, Davis EA, Fournier PA, Jones TW. Glucose requirements to maintain euglycemia after moderate-intensity afternoon exercise in adolescents with type 1 diabetes are increased in a biphasic manner. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2007;92:963-968.
37. Mitri J, Hamdy O. Diabetes medications and body weight. Expert Opin Drug Saf . 2009;8:573-584.
38. Morrison S, Colberg SR, Parson HK, Vinik AI. Exercise improves gait, reaction time and postural stability in older adults with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28:715-722.
39. Otles S, Ozgoz S. Health effects of dietary fiber. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2014;13:191-202.
40. Rognmo O, Moholdt T, Bakken H, Hole T, Molstad P, Myhr NE, Grimsmo J, Wisloff U. Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation. 2012;126:1436-1440.
41. Shahar J, Hamdy O. Medication and exercise interactions: considering and managing hypoglycemia risk. Diabetes Spectr . 2015;28:64-67.
42. Sharma MD. Potential for combination of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2015;17(7):616-621.
43. Stephenson EJ, Smiles W, Hawley JA. The relationship between exercise, nutrition and type 2 diabetes. Med Sport Sci. 2014;60:1-10.
44. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.
45. Williamson DA, Rejeski J, Lang W, Van Dorsten B, Fabricatore AN, Toledo K, Look ARG. Impact of a weight management program on health-related quality of life in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med.2009;169:163-171.
46. Yardley JE, Hay J, Abou-Setta AM, Marks SD, McGavock J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise interventions in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2014;106:393-400.
47. Yardley JE, Sigal RJ. Exercise strategies for hypoglycemia prevention in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Spectr . 2015;28:32-38.
Chapter 14
1. American Cancer Society Web site [Internet]. ACS; Atlanta (GA); cited [2016 September 28]. Available from: www.cancer.org.
2. American Cancer Society Web site [Internet]. Cancer facts and figures 2016. In: American Cancer Society, ed. ACS; Atlanta (GA); [2016 September 28]. Available at: www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2016/index
3. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
4. Brown JC, Huedo-Medina TB, Pescatello LS, Pescatello SM, Ferrer RA, Johnson BT. Efficacy of exercise interventions in modulating cancer-related fatigue among adult cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev. 2011;20(1):123-133.
5. Brown JC, Huedo-Medina TB, Pescatello LS, et al. The efficacy of exercise in reducing depressive symptoms among cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30955.
6. Demark-Wahnefried W, Platz EA, Ligibel JA, et al. The role of obesity in cancer survival and recurrence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(8):1244-1259.
7. DeSantis CE, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin . 2014;64(4):252-271.
8. Hewitt M, Greenfield, S., Stovall, E. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2006.
9. Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin . 2012;62(1):30-67.
10. Ligibel JA, Denlinger CS. New NCCN guidelines for survivorship care. J Natl Compr Canc Netwk . 2013;11(5 suppl):640-644.
11. Mustian KM, Sprod LK, Janelsins M, et al. Multicenter, randomized controlled trial of yoga for sleep quality among cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol . 2013;31(26):3233-3241.
12. Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin . 2012;62(4):242-274.
13. Schmitz K, Ahmed RL, Troxel A, Cheville A, Smith R, Grant LL, Bryan CJ, Williams-Smith CT, Greene QP. Weight lifting in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. N Engl J Med.2009;361:664-673.
14. Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Troxel A, et al. Weight lifting in women with breast-cancer-related lymphedema. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(7):664-673.
15. Schmitz KH, Ahmed RL, Troxel AB, et al. Weight lifting for women at risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304(24):2699-2705.
16. Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C, et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2010;42(7):1409-1426.
17. Speck RM, Courneya KS, Masse LC, Duval S, Schmitz KH. An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv . 2010;4(2):87-100.
18. Winters-Stone KM, Laudermilk M, Woo K, Brown JC, Schmitz KH. Influence of weight training on skeletal health of breast cancer survivors with or at risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema. J Cancer Surviv . 2014;8(2):260-268.
19. Winters-Stone KM, Neil SE, Campbell KL. Attention to principles of exercise training: a review of exercise studies for survivors of cancers other than breast. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(12):987-995.
Chapter 15
1. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Web site [Internet]. Choose Healthy Fats. AND; Chicago (IL); [released January 28, 2014; cited 2015 August 28]. Available from: www.eatright.org/resource/food/nutrition/dietary-guidelines-and-myplate/choose-healthy-fats.
2. Afzal S, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:296-302.
3. Ahlskog JE, Geda YE, Graff-Radfrod NR, et al. Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86:879-884.
4. Akter K, Lanza EA, Martin SA, Myronyuk N, Rua M, Raffa RB. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: shared pathology and treatment?. Br J Clin Pharmacol . 2011;71(3):365-376.
5. Alzheimer's Association Web site [Internet]. Alternative Treatments. Alzheimer's Association; Chicago (IL); [cited 2015 August 27]. Available from: www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_alternative_treatments.asp.
6. Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation Web site [Internet]. Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, DHA & EPA. Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; New York (NY) [released September 3, 2014; cited 2015 August 28]. Available from:www.alzdiscovery.org/cognitive-vitality/report/fish-and-long-chain-omega-3-fatty-acids.
7. Alzheimer's Research Center. Alzheimer’s Prevention. Alzheimer’s Research Center; St. Paul, (MN) [cited 2015 August 19].
8. Barnes, JN. Exercise, cognitive function, and aging. Adv Physiol Educ. 2015;39:55-62.
9. Bos D, Vernooij MW, Elias-Smale SE, et al. Atherosclerotic calcification relates to cognitive function and to brain changes on magnetic resonance imaging. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;(8):S104-S111.
10. Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Yu L, et al. Total daily physical activity and the risk of AD and cognitive decline in older adults. Neurology. 2012;78:1323-1329.
11. Carvalho A, Rae IM, Parimon T, Cusack BJ. Physical activity and cognitive function in individuals over 60 years of age: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:661-662.
12. Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agron E, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids, lutein/zeaxanthin, or other nutrient supplementation on cognitive function: the AREDS2 Randomized Clinic Trial. JAMA. 2015;314(8):791-801.
13. Clarke R, Bennet D, Parish S. Effects of homocysteine lowering with B vitamins on cognitive aging: meta-analysis of 11 trials with cognitive data on 22,000 individuals. Am J Clin Nutr . 2014;100:657-666.
14. Colby SL, Ortman JM. Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population: 2014 to 2060. Current Population Reports. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC; 2014:25-1143. Available at www.census.gov.
15. Covell GE, Hoffman-Snyder CR, Wellik KE, Woodruff BK, et al. Physical activity level and future risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a critically appraised topic. Neurologist. 2015;19(3):89-91.
16. Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, et al. Glucose levels and risk of dementia. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(6):540-548.
17. Dacks PA, Shineman DW, Fillit HM. Current evidence for the clinical use of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(3):240-251.
18. Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial. JAMA. 2014;311(1):33-44.
19. Erten-Lyons D, Woltjer RI, Dodge H, Nixon R, Vorobik R, Calvert JF, Leahy M, Montine T, Kaye J. Factors associated with resistance to dementia despite high Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology.2009;72:354-360.
20. Farina N, Kareem M, Issac N, Clark AR, Rustad J, Tabet N, et al. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD002854.
21. Fleischman DA, Yang J, Arfanakis K, Arvanitakis Z, Leurgans SE, Turner AD, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Bachman AS. Physical activity, motor function, and white matter hyperintensity burden in healthy older adults. Neurology. 2015;84:1294-1300.
22. Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med. 2009;39(1):3-11.
23. Hu N, Yu J, Tan L, Wang Y, Sun L. Nutrition and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:524820.
24. Kirk-Sanchez NJ, McGough EL. Physical exercise and cognitive performance in the elderly: current perspectives. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:51-62.
25. Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends Cogn Sci. 2007;11(8);342-348.
26. Mazereeuw G, Lanctot KL, Chau SA, Swardfager W, Hermann N. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33(7):1482.e17-e29.
27. MedlinePlus Web site [Internet]. Mediterranean diet. U.S. National Library of Medicine; Bethesda (MD); [released August 12, 2014; cited 2015 June 5]. Available from:www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000110.htm.
28. Middleton LE, Manini TM, Simonsick EM, et al. Activity energy expenditure and incident cognitive impairment in older adults. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(14):1251-1257.
29. Morris MC. The role of nutrition in Alzheimer's disease: epidemiological evidence. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(suppl 1):1-7.
30. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(9):1007-1014.
31. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health Web site [Internet]. 5 Things To Know About Complementary Health Practices for Cognitive Function, Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; Bethesda (MD); [released 2015 January 30; cited 2015 August 29]. Available from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/alzheimers.
32. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health Web site [Internet]. 7 Things To Know About Omega-3 Fatty Acids. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; Bethesda (MD); [released 2015 January 30; cited 2015 August 29]. Available from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/omega.
33. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health Web site [Internet]. Alzheimer's Disease at a Glance. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; Bethesda (MD): [released 2014 November; cited 2015 August 20]. Available from: https://nccih.hih.gov/health/alzheimer/ataglance.
34. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health Web site [Internet]. Dietary Supplements and Cognitive Function, Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease: What the Science Says. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; Bethesda (MD); [released 2013 December; cited 2015 August 19]. Available from: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/alzheimers-science.
35. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements Web site [Internet]. Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements; Bethesda (MD); [released 2013 June 5; cited 2015 August 19]. Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/.
36. National Institute on Aging Web site [Internet]. Alzheimer’s Caregiving Tips Healthy Eating. NIA; Bethesda (MD); [cited 2015 August 28]. Available from: www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/healthy-eating.
37. National Institute on Aging Web site [Internet]. DASH Eating Plan NIA; Bethesda (MD); [cited 2015 July 27]. Available from: www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/whats-your-plate/dash-eating-plan.
38. National Institute on Aging Web site [Internet]. Alzheimer’s Disease: Unraveling the Mystery [cited 2015 June 5]. Available at www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers.
39. Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P. Protective effects of physical exercise in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11(3):212-219.
40. Quinn JF, Raman R, Thomas RG, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2010;304(17):1903-1911.
41. Shea TB, Remington R. Nutritional supplementation for Alzheimer's disease? Curr Opin Psychiatr . 2015;28(2):141-147.
42. Smyth A, Dehghan M, O'Donnell M, et al. Healthy eating and reduced risk of cognitive decline. Neurology. 2015;84(22):2258-2265.
43. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11:1006-1012.
44. Swaminathan A, Jicha GA. Nutrition and prevention of Alzheimer's dementia. Front Aging Neurosci . 2014;6:282.
45. Tangney CC, Li H, Wang Y, Barnes L, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Morris MC. Relation of DASH- and Mediterranean-like dietary patterns to cognitive decline in older persons. Neurology. 2014;83(16):1410-1416.
46. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture website. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA); [cited 2016 August 13]. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015.asp.
47. WebMD Web site [Internet]. Resveratrol Supplements: Side Effects and Benefits. WebMD; Atlanta (GA);[released 2014 July 14; cited 2015 August 30]. Available from: http://webmd.com/heart-disease/resveratrol-supplements.
48. WebMD Web site [Internet]. Understanding Alzheimer's Disease—Prevention WebMD; Atlanta (GA); [released 2015 April 25; cited 2015 August 27]. Available from:www.webmd.com/alzheimers/guide/understanding-alzheimers-disease-prevention.
49. Willette AA, Johnson SC, Birdsill AC, et al. Insulin resistance predicts brain amyloid deposition in late middle-aged adults. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11:504-510.
50. Witte V, Kerti L, Floel A. Effects of omega-3 supplementation on brain structure and function in healthy elderly subjects. J Alzheimers Assoc. 2012;8(4):69.
51. Xu W, Ten L, Wang H, Teng J, et al. Meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Neuro Neurosurg Psychiatr . 2015;86(12):1299-1306.
52. Yaffe K, Fiocco AJ, Lindquist K, et al. Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults: the Health ABC study. Neurology. 2009;72(23):2029-2035.
53. Yurko-Mauro K, McCarthy D, Rom D, et al. Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement.2010;6(6):456-464.
Chapter 16
1. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for multiple health outcomes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;810:500-525.
2. Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, et al. Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am J Med. 2002;112(4):281-289.
3. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(12):767-773.
4. Diab DL, Watts NB. Bisphosphonate drug holiday: Who, when and how long. Ther Adv Musculoskel Dis. 2013;5(3):107-111.
5. Eastell R. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:736-746.
6. Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(12):933-941.
7. Guyatt GH, Cranney A, Griffith L, et al. Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis and the relationship between bone density and fractures. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2002;31(3):659-679, xii.
8. Hauer K, Specht N, Schuler M, Bartsch P, Oster P. Intensive physical training in geriatric patients after severe falls and hip surgery. Age Ageing. 2002;31(1):49-57.
9. Heaney RP, Layman DK. Amount and type of protein influences bone health. Am J Clin Nutr . 2008;87(suppl):1567S-1570S.
10. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011. 1116 p.
11. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005. 1332 p.
12. Kannus P, Parkkari J, Sievanen H, Heinonen A, Vuori I, Jarvinen M. Epidemiology of hip fractures. Bone. 1996;18(1 suppl):57S-63S.
13. Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson ME, Yingling VR. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2004;36(11):1985-1996.
14. Martyn-St James M, Carroll S. A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(12):898-908.
15. Martyn-St James M, Carroll S. High-intensity resistance training and postmenopausal bone loss: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(8):1225-1240.
16. Martyn-St James M, Carroll S. Progressive high-intensity resistance training and bone mineral density changes among premenopausal women: evidence of discordant site-specific skeletal effects. Sports Med. 2006;36(8):683-704.
17. National Osteoporosis Foundation Web site [Internet]. NOF; Arlington (VA); [cited October 2015]. Available from: www.nof.org.
18. Reginster JY, Seeman E, De Vernejoul MC, et al. Strontium ranelate reduces the risk of nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) study. J ClinEndocrinol Metab . 2005;90(5):2816-2822.
19. Sambrook P, Cooper C. Osteoporosis. Lancet. 2006;367(9527):2010-2018.
20. Snow CM, Shaw JM, Winters KM, Witzke KA. Long-term exercise using weighted vests prevents hip bone loss in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(9):M489-M491.
21. Stevens JA, Rudd RA. The impact of decreasing U.S. hip fracture rates on future hip fracture estimates. Osteoporosis Int. 2013;24:2725-2728.
22. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. USDHHS, Office of the Surgeon General; Rockville (MD): 2004.
23. Weatherall M. A meta-analysis of 25 hydroxyvitamin D in older people with fracture of the proximal femur. N Z Med J. 2000;113(1108):137-140.
24. Winters KM, Snow CM. Detraining reverses positive effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal system in premenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:2495-2503.
Chapter 17
1. Altman R, Asch E, Bloch D, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:1039-1049.
2. American College of Rheumatology Web site [Internet]. Biologic Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis. American College of Rheumatology; Atlanta (GA): [cited 2010 January 24]. Available from: www.rheumatology.org/public/factsheets.
3. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
4. Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:315-324.
5. Baker KR, Nelson ME, Felson DT, Layne JE, Sarno R, Roubenoff R. The efficacy of home based progressive strength training in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Rheumatol . 2001;28:1655-1665.
6. Barbour KE, Helmick CG, Theis KA, Murphy LB, Hootman JM, Brady TJ, Cheng YJ. Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitation—United States, 2010-2012. MMWR.2013;62(44):869-873.
7. Barker K, Lamb SE, Toye F, Jackson S, Barrington S. Association between radiographic joint space narrowing, function, pain and muscle power in severe osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Rehabil .2004;18:793-800.
8. Bosch PR, Traustadottir T, Howard P, Matt KS. Functional and physiological effects of yoga in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Alt Ther Health Med. 2009;15:24-31.
9. Brandt KD. Osteoarthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 2003;29(4):ix-xiii.
10. Brousseau L, Pelland L, Wells G, et al. Efficacy of aerobic exercises for osteoarthritis (part II): a meta-analysis. Phys Ther Rev. 2004;9:125-145.
11. Cochrane T, Davey RC, Matthes Edwards SM. Randomised controlled trial of the cost-effectiveness of water-based therapy for lower limb osteoarthritis. Health Technol Assess. 2005;9:iii-76.
12. Darlington LG, Stone TW. Antioxidants and fatty acids in the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders. Br J Nutr . 2001;85:251-269.
13. Ettinger WH Jr, Burns R, Messier SP, et al. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA. 1997;277:25-31.
14. Fitzgerald GK, Childs JD, Ridge TM, Irrgang JJ. Agility and perturbation training for a physically active individual with knee osteoarthritis. Phys Ther . 2002;82:372-382.
15. Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Gill AB, Wisniewski SR, Oddis CV, Irrgang JJ. Agility and perturbation training techniques in exercise therapy for reducing pain and improving function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther . 2011;91:452-469.
16. Häkkinen A, Sokka T, Kotaniemi A, Hannonen P. A randomized two-year study of the effects of dynamic strength training on muscle strength, disease activity, functional capacity, and bone mineral density in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:515-522.
17. Häkkinen A, Sokka T, Hannonen P. A home-based two-year strength training period in early rheumatoid arthritis led to good long-term compliance: a five-year follow-up. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:56-62.
18. Hall A, Maher C, Latimer J, Ferreira M. The effectiveness of tai chi for chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:717-724.
19. Hauselmann HJ. Nutripharmaceuticals for osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol . 2001;15:595-607.
20. Hochberg MC, Dougados M. Pharmacological therapy of osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol . 2001;15:583-593.
21. Hurkmans E, van der Giesen FJ, Vliet Vlieland TP, et al. Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2009;(4):CD006853.
22. Jan M-H, Lin J-J, Liau J-J, Lin Y-F, Lin D-H. Investigation of clinical effects of high- and low-resistance training for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther .2008;88:427-436.
23. Kelley DS, Rasool R, Jacob RA, Kader AA, Mackey BE. Consumption of bing sweet cherries lowers circulating concentrations of inflammation markers in healthy men and women. J Nutr . 2006;136:981-986.
24. Mangione KK, McCully K, Gloviak A, Lefebvre I, Hofmann M, Craik R. The effects of high-intensity and low-intensity cycle ergometry in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. J Gerontol .1999;54(A):M184-M190.
25. McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT. Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000;283:1469-1475.
26. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. Arthritis Rheum.2004; 50:1501-1510.
27. Millar AL. Action Plan for Arthritis. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2003. 201 p.
28. Minor MA, Hewett JE, Webel RR, et al. Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1989; 32:1396-1405.
29. Munneke M, deJong Z, Zwinderman AH, et al. Effect of a high-intensity weight-bearing exercise program on radiologic damage progression of the large joints in subgroups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;53:410-417.
30. Proudman SM, Cleland LG, James JM. Dietary omega-3 fats for treatment of inflammatory joint disease: efficacy and utility. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:469-479.
31. Rosenbaum CC, O’Mathúna DP, Chavez M, Shields K. Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Alt Ther Health Med. 2010;16:32-40.
32. Schmitt LC, Fitzgerald GK, Reisman AS, Rudolph KS. Instability, laxity, and physical function in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. Phys Ther . 2008;88:1506-1516.
33. Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Samieyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. 2001;286:188-195.
34. Symmons DP. Epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: determinants of onset, persistence and outcome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol . 2002;16:707-722.
35. Van den Ende CHM, Vliet Vlieland TPM, Munneke M, Hazes JMW. Dynamic exercise therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000322.
Chapter 18
1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
2. Bryant CX, Green DJ, eds. ACE Lifestyle & Weight Management Consultant Manual. 2nd ed. San Diego: American Council on Exercise; 2008. 526 p.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Web site [Internet]. About Adult BMI. Atlanta (GA): CDC. Available from: www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Web site [Internet]. Adult Obesity Causes & Consequences. Atlanta (GA): CDC [cited July 13, 2015]. Available at www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Web site [Internet]. Assessing Your Weight. Atlanta (GA): CDC [cited July 13, 2015]. Available at www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/index.html.
6. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2009;41(2):459-471.
7. National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients).Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2005. Available at www.nap.edu. 1332 p.
8. National Weight Control Registry Web site [Internet]. Providence, (RI) [cited September 10, 2015]. Available at www.nwcr.ws/.
9. Seagle HM, Strain GW, Makris A, Reeves RS. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Feb;109(2):330-346.
10. Thompson, JL, Manore, MM, Vaughan, LA. The Science of Nutrition. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson; 2017. 773 p.
11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dietary Supplements Web site [Internet]. Silver Spring, (MD): USFDA [cited July 17, 2015]. Available at www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/default.htm.
12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food Labeling Guide Web site [Internet]. Silver Spring, (MD): USFDA [cited July 17, 2015]. Available at www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/labelingnutrition/ucm2006828.htm.
13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture website. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2016 January 27]. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/.
Chapter 19
1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Technical Bulletin: Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postnatal Period. Washington, DC: ACOG; 1985.
2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 650: physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;e135-e142.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' task force on hypertension in pregnancy. ObstetGynecol.2013;122(5):1122-1131.
4. American College of Sports Medicine. Impact of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum on chronic disease risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2006;38(5):989-1006.
5. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; in press.
6. Barakat R, Ruiz JR, Stirling JR, Zakynthinaki M, Lucia A. Type of delivery is not affected by light resistance and toning exercise training during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J ObstetGynecol.2009;201(6):590.e1-e6.
7. Barakat R, Stirling JR, Lucia A. Does exercise training during pregnancy affect gestational age? A randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(8):674-678.
8. Chan J, Natekar A, Koren G. Hot yoga and pregnancy: fitness and hyperthermia. Can Fam Phys. 2014;60(1):41-42.
9. Clapp JF. The morphometric and neurodevelopmental outcome at five years of the offspring of women who continued exercise throughout pregnancy. J Pediatr . 1996;129:856-863.
10. Clapp JF. Exercising Through Your Pregnancy. Omaha: Addicus Books; 2002. 256 p.
11. de Barros MC, Lopes MA, Francisco RP, Sapienza AD, Zugaib M. Resistance exercise and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(6):556.e1-e6.
12. Evenson KR, Moos MK, Carrier K, Siega-Riz AM. Perceived barriers to physical activity among pregnant women. Matern Child Health J. 2009;13(3):364-375.
13. Evenson KR, Savitz DA, Huston SL. Leisure-time physical activity among pregnant women in the US. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol . 2004;18(6):400-407.
14. Evenson KR, Siega-Riz AM, Savitz DA, Leiferman JA, Thorp JM Jr. Vigorous leisure activity and pregnancy outcome. Epidemiology. 2002;13(6):653-659.
15. Gong H, Ni C, Shen X, Wu T, Jiang C. Yoga for prenatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:14.
16. Jiang Q, Wu Z, Zhou L, Dunlop J, Chen P. Effects of yoga intervention during pregnancy: a review for current status. Am J Perinatol . 2015;32(6):503-514.
17. Jiwani A, Marseille E, Lohse N, Damm P, Hod M, Kahn JG. Gestational diabetes mellitus: results from a survey of country prevalence and practices. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(6):600-610.
18. Kaiser LL, Campbell CG. Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(7):1099-1112.
19. Mattran K, Mudd LM, Rudey RA, Kelly JS. Leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy and offspring size at 18 to 24 months. J Phys Act Health. 2011;8(5):655-662.
20. McDonald SM, Liu J, Wilcox S, Lau EY, Archer E. Does dose matter in reducing gestational weight gain in exercise interventions? A systematic review of literature. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(4):323-335.
21. Mudd LM, Nechuta S, Pivarnik JM, Paneth N. Factors associated with women's perceptions of physical activity safety during pregnancy. Prev Med. 2009;49(2-3):194-199.
22. Mudd LM, Owe KM, Mottola MF, Pivarnik JM. Health benefits of physical activity during pregnancy: an international perspective. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2013;45(2):268-277.
23. Mudd LM, Pivarnik J, Holzman CB, Paneth N, Pfeiffer K, Chung H. Leisure-time physical activity in pregnancy and the birth weight distribution: where is the effect? J Phys Act Health. 2012;9(8):1168-1177.
24. Mudd LM, Pivarnik JM, Pfeiffer KA, Paneth N, Chung H, Holzman C. Maternal physical activity during pregnancy, child leisure-time activity, and child weight status at 3 to 9 years. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(4):506-514.
25. Nobles C, Marcus BH, Stanek EJ III, et al. Effect of an exercise intervention on gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(5):1195-1204.
26. Olson CM, Strawderman MS, Hinton PS, Pearson TA. Gestational weight gain and postpartum behaviors associated with weight change from early pregnancy to 1 y postpartum. Int J Obes Relat MetabDisord .2003;27(1):117-127.
27. Oostdam N, van Poppel MN, Wouters MG, et al. No effect of the FitFor2 exercise programme on blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and birthweight in pregnant women who were overweight and at risk for gestational diabetes: results of a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2012;119(9):1098-1107.
28. Pivarnik JM, Mudd LM. Oh Baby! Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. ACSM Health Fit J. 2009;13(3):8-13.
29. Pivarnik JM, Perkins CD, Moyerbrailean T. Athletes and pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2003;46(2):403-414.
30. Procter SB, Campbell CG. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(7):1099-1103.
31. Rasmussen KM, Catalano PM, Yaktine AL. New guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy: what obstetrician/gynecologists should know. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2009;21(6):521-526.
32. Ruchat SM, Mottola MF. The important role of physical activity in the prevention and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013;29(5):334-346.
33. Teychenne M, York R. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and postnatal depressive symptoms: a review. Am J Prev Med. 2013;45(2):217-227.
34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Web site [Internet]. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA); [cited 2016 August 16]Available from: www.health.gov/paguidelines.
35. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture Web site [Internet]. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. USDHHS; Atlanta (GA) [cited 2016 January 13]. Available from: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines.
36. Wendland EM, Torloni MR, Falavigna M, et al. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes—a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;12:23.
Chapter 20
1. Adamson BC, Ensari I, Motl RW. Effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in adults with neurologic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2015 Jul;96(7):1329-1338.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): APA; 2013. 991 p.
3. Barrows KA, Jacobs BP. Mind-body medicine. An introduction and review of the literature. Med Clin North Am. 2002 Jan;86(1):11-31.
4. Bet PM, Hugtenburg JG, Penninx BW, Hoogendijk WJ. Side effects of antidepressants during long-term use in a naturalistic setting. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol . 2013 Nov;23(11):1443-1451.
5. Blair SN, LaMonte MJ, Nichaman MZ. The evolution of physical activity recommendations: how much is enough? Am J Clin Nutr . 2004 May;79(5):913S-920S.
6. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswamy PM, et al. Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(7):587-596.
7. Buckworth J, Dishman RK, O'Connor PJ, Tomporowski PD, eds. Depression. In: Exercise Psychology, 2nd ed. Champaign, (IL): Human Kinetics; 2013. 544 p.
8. Cameron C, Habert J, Anand L, Furtado M. Optimizing the management of depression: primary care experience. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Dec;220 suppl 1:S45-S57.
9. Chambliss HO, Martin SB, Greenleaf C. Principles of behavior change: Skill building to promote physical activity. In: ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. p. 745-760.
10. Chambliss HO, Van Hoomisen JD, Holmes PV, Bunnell BN, Dishman RK. Effects of chronic activity wheel running and imipramine on masculine copulatory behavior after olfactory bulbectomy. PhysiolBehav .2004;82(4):593-600.
11. Craft LL, Vaniterson EH, Helenowski IB, Rademaker AW, Courneya KS. Exercise effects on depressive symptoms in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev. 2012 Jan;21(1):3-19.
12. Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, Dobos G. Yoga for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2013 Nov;30(11):1068-1083.
13. Dishman RK. Brain monoamines, exercise and behavioral stress: animal models. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1997;29:63-74.
14. Dishman RK, Berthoud HR, Booth FW, et al. Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(3):345-356.
15. Dishman RK, Sui X, Church TS, Hand GA, Trivedi MH, Blair SN. Decline in cardiorespiratory fitness and odds of incident depression. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43:361-368.
16. Dishman RK, Thom NJ, Puetz TW, O'Connor PJ, Clementz BA. Effects of cycling exercise on vigor, fatigue, and electroencephalographic activity among young adults who report persistent fatigue. Psychophysiology. 2010 Nov;47(6):1066-1074.
17. Dunn AL, Reigle TG, Youngstedt SD, Armstrong RB, Dishman RK. Brain norepinephrine and metabolites after treadmill training and wheel running in rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1996;28:204-209.
18. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO. Exercise treatment for depression efficacy and dose response. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28:1-8.
19. Galper DI, Trivedi MH, Barlow CE, Dunn AL, Kampert JB. Inverse association between physical inactivity and mental health in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2006 Jan;38(1):173-178.
20. Greenwood BN, Fleshner M. Exercise, stress resistance, and central serotonergic systems. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011 Jul;39(3):140-149.
21. Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Chansard M, Karim AI, Trivedi MH. Dose-dependent changes in cognitive function with exercise augmentation for major depression: results from the TREAD study. EurNeuropsychopharmacol .2015 Feb;25(2):248-256.
22. Greer TL, Kurian BT, Trivedi MH. Defining and measuring functional recovery from depression. CNS Drugs. 2010;24(4):267-284.
23. Helgadóttir B, Forsell Y, Ekblom Ö. Physical activity patterns of people affected by depressive and anxiety disorders as measured by accelerometers: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2015 Jan 13;10(1):e0115894.
24. Hunsberger JG, Newton SS, Bennett AH, Duman CH, Russell DS, Salton SR, Duman RS. Antidepressant actions of the exercise-regulated gene VGF. Nat Med. 2007;13(12):1476-1482.
25. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar BN, Naga Venkatesha Murthy PJ, Harish MG, Subbakrishna DK, Vedamurthachar A. Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J Affect Disord . 2000 Jan-Mar;57(1-3):255-259.
26. Katon WJ. Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Aug 1;54(3):216-226.
27. Katon WJ. Epidemiology and treatment of depression in patients with chronic medical illness. Dialogues Clin Neurosci . 2011;13(1):7-23.
28. Katon W, Lin EH, Kroenke K. The association of depression and anxiety with medical symptom burden in patients with chronic medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29:147-155.
29. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;62(6):593-602.
30. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;62(6):617-627.
31. Krogh J, Nordentoft M, Sterne JA, Lawlor DA. The effect of exercise in clinically depressed adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;72(4):529-538.
32. Lampe L, Coulston CM, Berk L. Psychological management of unipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127(suppl 443):24-37.
33. Lawlor DA, Hopker SW. The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized trials. BMJ. 2001;322:1-8.
34. Ludwig DS, Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness in medicine. JAMA. 2008;300(11):1350-1352.
35. Mammen G, Faulkner G. Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Nov;45(5):649-657.
36. Marcus M, Yasamy MT, van Ommeren M, Chisholm D, Saxena S. Depression: a global public health concern. Available from: www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh_2012.pdf?ua=1.
37. Mead GE, Morley W, Campbell P, Greig CA, McMurdo M, Lawlor DA. Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD004366.
38. Morris DW, Trivedi MH. Measurement-based care for unipolar depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011 Dec;13(6):446-458.
39. Motl RW, Konopack JF, McAuley E, Elavsky S, Jerome GJ, Marquez DX. Depressive symptoms among older adults: long-term reduction after a physical activity intervention. J Behav Med. 2005;28:385-394.
40. National Institute of Mental Health Web site [Internet]. What is depression? U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Washington, DC [cited 2015 September 24]. Available from: www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml.
41. Passos GS, Poyares D, Santana MG, Garbuio SA, Tufik S, Mello MT. Effect of acute physical exercise on patients with chronic primary insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 Jun 15;6(3):270-275.
42. Peterson JC, Charlson ME, Wells MT, Altemus M. Depression, coronary artery disease, and physical activity: how much exercise is enough? Clin Ther . 2014 Nov 1;36(11):1518-1530.
43. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC: USDHHS; 2008.
44. Pinchasov BB, Shurgaja AM, Grischin OV, Putilov AA. Mood and energy regulation in seasonal and non-seasonal depression before and after midday treatment with physical exercise or bright light. Psychiatry Res.2000;94(1):29-42.
45. Puetz TW, O'Connor PJ, Dishman RK. Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: a quantitative synthesis. Psychol Bull. 2006 Nov;132(6):866-876.
46. Rethorst CD, Sunderajan P, Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Nakonezny PA, Carmody TJ, Trivedi MH. Does exercise improve self-reported sleep quality in non-remitted major depressive disorder? PsycholMed. 2013 Apr;43(4):699-709.
47. Russo-Neustadt A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, behavior, and new directions for the treatment of mental disorders. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2003;8:109-118.
48. Sathyanarayana Rao TS, Asha MR, Ramesh BN, Jagannatha Rao KS. Understanding nutrition, depression and mental illnesses. Indian J Psychiatry. 2008 Apr-Jun;50(2):77-82.
49. Schatzberg AF. Development of new psychopharmacological agents for depression and anxiety. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2015 Sep;38(3):379-393.
50. Silveira H, Moraes H, Oliveira N, Coutinho ES, Laks J, Deslandes A. Physical exercise and clinically depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychobiology . 2013;67(2):61-68.
51. Singh NA, Stavrinos TM, Scarbek Y, Galambos G, Liber C, Singh MA. A randomized controlled trial of high versus low intensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Med Sci. 2005;60(6):768-776.
52. Stanton R, Reaburn P. Exercise and the treatment of depression: a review of the exercise program variables. J Sci Med Sport. 2014 Mar;17(2):177-182.
53. Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hahn SR, Marganstein D. Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression. JAMA. 2003;289:3135-3144.
54. Trivedi MH. Treating depression to full remission. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;70(1):e01.
55. Trivedi MH, Greer TL, Grannemann BD, Church TS, Galper DI, Sunderajan P, Wisniewski SR, Chambliss HO, Jordan AN, Finley C, Carmody TI. Exercise as an augmentation strategy for treatment of major depression. J Psychiatr Pract . 2006 Jul;12(4):205-213.
56. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture website. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. USDHHS; Washington, DC [cited 2015 November 5]. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/.
57. Waelde LC, Thompson L, Gallagher-Thompson D. A pilot study of a yoga and meditation intervention for dementia caregiver stress. J Clin Psychol. 2004 Jun;60(6):677-687.
58. Wang F, Lee EK, Wu T, Benson H, Fricchione G, Wang W, Yeung AS. The effects of tai chi on depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Med. 2014 Aug;21(4):605-617.