Abbreviations
A adenine
ABC ATP-bindimg cassette
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
acetyl-CoA acetyl coenzyme A
ACh acetylcholine
ACP acyl carrier protein
ACTase aspartate carbamoyl transferase
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADC AIDS-dementia complex
ADH alcohol dehydrogenase
ADH antidiuretic hormone (also known as AVP)
ADP adenosine diphosphate
AE anion exchanger
AFP α-fetoprotein
AGE advanced glycoxidation (glycation) endproduct
AHF antihemophilic factor
AICAR 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIR 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide
ALDH aldehyde dehydrogenase
ALP alkaline phosphatase
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AML acute myeloblastic leukemia
AMP adenosine monophosphate
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
APC adenomatous polyposis coli (gene)
apoA, B, etc. apolipoprotein A, B, etc.
APRT adenosine phosphoribosyl transferase
APTT activated partial thromboplastin time
AQP aquaporin
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARE antioxidant response element
AST aspartate aminotransferase
ATF activation transcription factor
ATM ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene
ATP adenosine triphosphate
AVP arginine-vasopressin (same as antidiuretic hormone)
AZT azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine
Bcl-2 B cell lymphoma protein 2
BMI body mass index
BMR basal metabolic rate
BNP brain natriuretic peptide
bp base pair
2,3-BPG 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
BUN blood urea nitrogen equivalent of (but not the same as) serum urea
bw body weight
C cytosine
CA carbonic anhydrase
CAD caspase-dependent endonuclease
CAIR carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide
cAMP cyclic AMP
CAT catalase
CD cluster designation: classification system for cell surface molecules
CDG congenital disorders of glycosylation
CDGS carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes
CDK cyclin-dependent kinase
CDKI cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor
CDP cytidine diphosphate
CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
cGMP cyclic GMP
CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide
CML chronic myeloid leukemia
CMP cytidine monophosphate
CNS central nervous system
COAD chronic obstructive airways disease (synonym: COPD)
COMT catecholamine-O-methyl transferase
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (synonym: COAD)
CoQ10 coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)
COX-1 cyclooxygenase-1
CK creatine phosphokinase (also CPK)
CPK creatine phosphokinase (also CK)
CPS I, II carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, II
CPT I, II carnitine palmitoyl transferase I, II
CREB cAMP-response element-binding protein
CRGP calcitonin-related gene peptide
CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone
CRP C-reactive protein
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
CT calcitonin
CTP cytidine triphosphate
CVS chorionic villous sampling
DAG diacylglycerol
DCC 'delete in colon carcinoma' gene
dNPs deoxynucleotides
ddNPs dideoxynucleotides
DEAE diethylaminoethyl
DGGE denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis
DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIPF, DFP diisopropylphosphofluoride
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol
dNTPs deoxynucleotides triphosphates
Dol-P dolichol phosphate
Dol-PP-GlcNAc dolichol pyrophosphate-N- acetylglucosamine
DOPA dihydroxyphenylalanine
DPPC dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline
DVT deep vein thrombosis
EBV Epstein–Barr virus
ECF extracellular fluid
ECM extracellular matrix
EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide)
EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EF-1, 2 elongation factor-1,2
EFAs essential fatty acids
EGF epidermal growth factor
eIF-3 eukaryotic initiation factor 3
EMSA electrophoretic mobility shift assay
ENaC epithelial sodium channel
ER endoplasmic reticulum
ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate
FACIT fibril-associated collagen with interrupted triple helices
FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
FADD a ‘death domain’ accessory protein
FADH2 reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAICAR 5-formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide
FAP familial adenomatous polyposis
Fas apoptosis signaling molecule: a ‘death domain’ accessory protein (CD95)
FBPase fructose bisphosphatase
FDP fibrin degradation product
FGAR formylglycinamide ribonucleotide
FGF fibroblast growth factor
FHH familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
FMN flavin mononucleotide
FMNH2 reduced flavin mononucleotide
FRAXA fragile X syndrome
Fru-1,6-BP fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
Fru-2,6-BP fructose-2,6 bisphosphate
Fru-2,6-BPase fructose-2,6 bisphosphatase
Fru-6-P fructose-6-phosphate
FSF fibrin-stabilizing factor
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
G guanine
G3PDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GABA γ-amino butyric acid
GAG glycosaminoglycan
Gal galactose
Gal-1-P galactose-1-phosphate
GalNAc N-acetylgalactosamine
GalNH2 galactosamine
GAP guanosine–triphosphatase activating protein
GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GAR glycinamide ribonucleotide
GDH glutamate dehydrogenase
GDP guanosine diphosphate
GDP-Fuc guanosine diphosphate-L-fucose
GDP-Man guanosine diphosphate-mannose
GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein
γGT γ-glutamyl transferase
GH growth hormone
GHRH growth hormone-releasing hormone
GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
GIT gastrointestinal tract
GK glucokinase
Glc glucose
Glc-1-P glucose-1-phosphate
Glc-6-P glucose-6-phosphate
Glc-6-Pase glucose-6-phosphatase
GlcN-6-P glucosamine-6-phosphate
GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine
GlcNAc-1P N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate
GlcNAc-6-P N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate
GlcNH2 glucosamine
GlcUA D-glucuronic acid
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT glucose transporter (GLUT-1 to GLUT-5)
GM1 monosialoganglioside 1
GMP guanosine monophosphate
GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GP1b−IXa (etc.) glycoprotein receptor 1b−IXa (etc.)
GPx glutathione peroxidase
GRE glucocorticoid response element
GSH reduced glutathione
GSSG oxidized glutathione
GTP guanosine triphosphate
GTPase guanosine triphosphatase
5-HIAA 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine
Hb hemoglobin
HBOC Hb-based oxygen carrier
HCM hypercalcemia associated with malignancy
Hct hematocrit
HDL high-density lipoprotein
HGF-R hepatocyte growth factor receptor
HGP Human Genome Project
HGPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HLA human leukocyte antigen (system)
HLH helix-loop-helix (motif)
HMG hydroxymethylglutaryl
HMWK high-molecular-weight kininogen
HNPCC hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
hnRNA heteronuclear ribonucleic acid
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
HPT hyperparathyroidism
HRT hormone replacement therapy
HTGL hepatic triglyceride lipase
HTH helix-turn-helix (motif)
ICAM-1 intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1
ICF intracellular fluid
IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (term now substituted by Type 1 diabetes mellitus)
IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein
IdUA L-iduronic acid
IEF isoelectric focusing
IFN-γ interferon-γ
Ig immunoglobulin
IGF insulin growth factor
IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1
IL interleukin (IL-1 to IL-29)
IMP inosine monophosphate
Inr initiator (nucleotide sequence of a gene)
IP1 I-1-P1, I-4-P1 (etc.) inositol monophosphates
IP2, I-1,3-P2, I-1,4-P2 inositol bisphosphates
IP3, I-1,4,5-P3 inositol trisphosphate
IRE iron response element
IRE-BP IRE-binding protein
IRMA immunoradiometric assay
ITAM immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif
ITIM immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibition motif
JAK Janus kinase
JNK Jun N-terminal kinase
K equilibrium constant
kb kilobase
kbp kilobase pair(s)
KCCT kaolin-cephalin clotting time
KIP2 cell cycle regulatory molecule
Km Michaelis constant
LACI lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor
LCAT lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
LDL low-density lipoprotein
LH luteinizing hormone
LPL lipoprotein lipase
LPS lipopolysaccharide
LRP LDL-receptor-related protein
M-CSF-R macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor
malonyl-CoA malonyl coenzyme A
Man mannose
Man-1-P mannose-1-phosphate
Man-6-P mannose-6-phosphate
MAO monoamine oxidase
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase (a superfamily of signal-transducing kinases)
Mb myoglobin
MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MCV mean corpuscular volume
MDR multidrug resistance
MEKK mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
MEN IIA multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIA
met-tRNA methionyl-tRNA
MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance
MHC major histocompatibility complex
miRNAs micro RNAs
MMPs matrix metalloproteinases
MPO myeloperoxidase
mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
MRP multidrug resistance-associated protein
MS mass spectrometry
MSH melanocyte-stimulating hormone
MSUD maple syrup urine disease
MyoD muscle cell-specific transcription factor
Na+/K+-ATPase sodium-potassium ATPase
NABQI N-acetyl benzoquinoneimine
NAC N-acetylcysteine
NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized)
NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced)
NADP+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized)
NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)
NANA N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid)
ncRNAs noncoding RNAs
NF nuclear factor
NF-II type II neurofibromatosis
NGF nerve growth factor
NHE sodium-hydrogen exchanger
NIDDM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (term now substituted by Type 2 diabetes mellitus)
NKCC1 Na-K-Cl co-transporter 1 (etc.)
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
NPY neuropeptide Y
NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
nt nucleotide (as measure of size/length of a nucleic acid)
1,25(OH)2D3 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3
OGTT oral glucose tolerance test
8-oxoG 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine
OxS oxidative stress
3-PG 3-phosphoglycerate
p38RK p38-reactivating kinase
Pa pascal
PA phosphatidic acid
PAF platelet-activating factor
PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
PAPS phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate
PC phosphatidyl choline
PC pyruvate carboxylase
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PDE phosphodiesterase
PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDK phosphatidylinositol dependent kinase
PE phosphatidyl ethanolamine
PEP phosphoenolpyruvic acid
PEPCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PF3 platelet factor 3
PFK-1 (-2) phosphofructokinase 1 (2)
PGG2 prostaglandin G2 (etc.)
PGK phosphoglycerate kinase
PGM phosphoglucomutase
PHHI persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy
PHP pseudohypoparathyroidism
Pi inorganic phosphate
PI-3-K phosphoinositide-3-kinase
PIP2/PIP3 phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate/trisphosphate
PK pyruvate kinase
PKA/PKC protein kinase A/C
PKU phenylketonuria
PL phospholipase A, etc.
PLA/PLC phospholipase A/C
PMA phorbol myristic acetate
PNS peripheral nervous system
PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
PPi inorganic pyrophosphate
PRL prolactin
PrP prion protein
PRPP 5-phosphoribosyl-α-pyrophosphate
PS phosphatidylserine
PT prothrombin time
PTA plasma thromboplastin antecedent
PTH parathyroid hormone
PTHrP parathyroid hormone-related protein
PTK protein tyrosine kinase
PTPase phosphotyrosine phosphatase
Py pyrimidine base (in a nucleotide sequence)
R receptor (with qualifier, not alone)
RAIDD a ‘death domain’ accessory protein
Rb retinoblastoma protein
RBC red blood cell
RDS respiratory distress syndrome
RER rough endoplasmic reticulum
RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism
RIP a ‘death domain’ accessory protein
RKK p38RK homologue of MEK
RNA ribonucleic acid
RNAi RNA interference
RNAPol I/II RNA polymerase I/II
RNR ribonucleotide reductase
RNS reactive nitrogen species
ROS reactive oxygen species
S Svedberg unit
SACAIR 5-aminoimidazole-4-(N-succinylocarboxamide) ribonucleotide
SAM S-adenosyl methionine
SAPK stress-activated protein kinase
SCIDS severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
scuPA single-chain urinary-type plasminogen activator
SD standard deviation
SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SEK SAPK homologue of MEK
SER smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ser-P serine phosphate
SGLT Na+-coupled glucose symporter
SH (Figs only) steroid hormone
SH2 Src-homology region-2
SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
siRNAs small interfering RNAs
snRNA small nuclear RNA
SOD superoxide dismutase
SPCA serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
Src a protein tyrosine kinase
SRE steroid response element
SREBPs sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP 1a, SREBP 1c)
SRP signal recognition particle
SSCP single-strand conformational polymorphism
SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription
SUR sulfonylurea receptor
T thymine
T3 tri-iodothyronine
T4 thyroxine
TAG triacylglycerol (triglyceride)
TAP transporter associated with antigen presentation
TB tuberculosis
TBG thyroid-binding globulin
TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle
TCT thrombin clotting time
TEG thromboelastography
TF transcription factor (with qualifier)
TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor
TG triglyceride (triacylglycerol)
TGF(-β) transforming growth factor-β
Tmax Km for facilitated transport protein
TNF tumor necrosis factor
TNF-R tumor necrosis factor receptor
tPA tissue-type plasminogen activator
TRADD a ‘death domain’ accessory protein
TRAFS a ‘death domain’ accessory protein
TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
TTP thymidine triphosphate
TXA2 thromboxane A2
U uridine
UCP uncoupling protein
UDP uridine diphosphate
UDP-Gal UDP-galactose
UDP-GalNAc UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine
UDP-Glc UDP-glucose
UDP-GlcNAc UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
UDP-GlcUA UDP glucuronic acid
UMP uridine monophosphate
uPA urinary-type plasminogen activator
UTR untranslated region
UV ultraviolet
VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VDCC voltage-dependent calcium channel
VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide
VLDL very low-density lipoprotein
vWF von Willebrand factor
WAF1 cell cycle regulator
X-SCID X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
XMP xanthine monophosphate
XO xanthine oxidase
ZP3 zona pellucida 3 glycoprotein