A genealogist’s education is never complete. If you’ve mastered the subject matter in this book, I recommend that you find other resources to explore. The best way to learn about genetic genealogy is to test yourself and family members, and work with the results as much as possible. In addition to testing, here are a few of the best resources available to genealogists interested in learning more about DNA.
These are just a few of the blogs, websites, forums, and mailing lists dedicated to genetic genealogy. In addition to these resources, DNA is now an essential topic at every genealogy conference in the United States, be sure to attend local conferences as well.
ISOGG Wiki
The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) Wiki <www.isogg.org/wiki/Wiki_Welcome_Page> is an essential resource for genetic genealogists. Although it is a Wikipedia-style source of information curated by volunteers, it contains some of the most sophisticated and detailed analysis of topics related to genetic genealogy. The following pages, for example, are required reading for genetic genealogists:
· Autosomal-DNA statistics <www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_statistics>
· Autosomal-DNA testing comparison chart <www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_testing_comparison_chart>
· Ethics, guidelines and standards <isogg.org/wiki/Ethics,_guidelines_and_standards>
· Identical by descent <www.isogg.org/wiki/Identical_by_descent>
· Triangulation <isogg.org/wiki/Triangulation>
Books
In addition to the book you’re holding in your hand (or reading on your screen!), there are several other books dedicated to the fundamentals of genetic genealogy.
· Blaine Bettinger and Debbie Parker Wayne, Genetic Genealogy in Practice (Arlington, Va.: National Genealogical Society, 2016).
· David R. Dowell, NextGen Genealogy: The DNA Connection (Libraries Unlimited, 2014).
· Debbie Kennett, DNA and Social Networking: A Guide to Genealogy in the Twenty-first Century (Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: The History Press, 2011).
· Emily D. Aulicino, Genetic Genealogy: The Basics and Beyond (Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, 2013).
· Richard Hill, Guide to DNA Testing: How to Identify Ancestors and Confirm Relationships through DNA Testing (2009). <www.dna-testing-adviser.com/DNA-Testing-Guide.html>
Blogs
Blogs are a great way to stay on top of the latest developments in the field. Here is an essential list of the best blogs for genetic genealogists. Although many of these blogs are not updated frequently, they all contain archives full of very rich content and information.
· 23andMe Blog <blog.23andme.com>
· AncestryDNA Blog <blogs.ancestry.com/ancestry/category/dna>
· Cruwys News <cruwys.blogspot.com> by Debbie Kennett
· Deb’s Delvings in Genealogy <debsdelvings.blogspot.com> by Debbie Parker Wayne
· DNAeXplained—Genetic Genealogy <dna-explained.com> by Roberta Estes
· Dr D Digs Up Ancestors <blog.ddowell.com> by David R. Dowell
· Genealem’s Genetic Genealogy <genealem-geneticgenealogy.blogspot.com> by Emily Aulicino
· Genealogy Junkie <www.genealogyjunkie.net/blog> by Sue Griffith
· The Genetic Genealogist <www.thegeneticgenealogist.com> by Blaine Bettinger
· Kitty Cooper’s Blog: Musings on Genealogy, Genetics, and Gardening <blog.kittycooper.com> by Kitty Cooper
· The Lineal Arboretum <linealarboretum.blogspot.com> by Jim Owston
· Segment-ology <segmentology.org> by Jim Bartlett
· Through the Trees <throughthetreesblog.tumblr.com> by Shannon Christmas
· Your DNA Guide <www.yourdnaguide.com> by Diahan Southard
· Your Genetic Genealogist <www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com> by CeCe Moore
Forums and Mailing Lists
Forums and mailing lists encourage interaction, questions, and conversation. Many of these forums and mailing lists can be set up such that you can monitor them without receiving numerous daily emails.
· 23andMe Forums (23andMe) <www.23andmeforums.com>
· Anthrogenica Forums (Anthrogenica) <www.anthrogenica.com/forum.php>
· DNAAdoption (Yahoo! Groups) <groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/DNAAdoption/info>
· DNA Detectives (Facebook) <www.facebook.com/groups/DNADetectives>
· DNAgedcom User Group (Facebook) <www.facebook.com/groups/DNAGedcomUserGroup>
· DNA Newbie (Facebook) <www.facebook.com/groups/dnanewbie>
· DNA: GENEALOGY—DNA mailing list (Rootsweb) <lists.rootsweb.ancestry.com/index/other/DNA/GENEALOGY-DNA.html>
· DNA-NEWBIE (Yahoo! Groups) <groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/DNA-NEWBIE/info>
· Family Tree DNA Forums (Family Tree DNA) <forums.familytreedna.com>
· International Society of Genetic Genealogy—ISOGG (Facebook) <www.facebook.com/groups/isogg>
· GEDmatch User Group (Facebook) <www.facebook.com/groups/gedmatchuser>
PHOTO CREDITS
23andMe images: image E; image H; images I, J, and K; images L and M; image P; image Q; image F; image G; image K; images M and N. © 23andMe, Inc., 2016. All rights reserved; distributed pursuant to a limited license from 23andMe.
Ancestry.com images: image D; image R; image U; image D; image E. © Ancestry.com DNA, LLC, 2016. All rights reserved.
DNAGedcom images:image A; images B and C. © DNAGedcom, 2016. All rights reserved.
Family Tree DNA images: image C; images G and H; image J; image I; images J and K; image O; image S; image T; images W and X; image E; image F; images I and J; image K; image H; image I; image 1. © FamilyTree DNA, 2016. All rights reserved.
GEDmatch images: image A; image B; image C; image D; image E; image F; image J; images K and L. © GEDmatch, 2016. All rights reserved.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Blaine Bettinger Ph.D. (biochemistry), J.D. is an intellectual property attorney at Bond, Schoeneck & King, PLLC in Syracuse, New York, by day, and a genealogy educator and blogger by night. In 2007 he created The Genetic Genealogist <www.thegeneticgenealogist.com>, one of the first blogs devoted to genetic genealogy and personal genomics.
Blaine has written numerous DNA-related articles for the Association of Professional Genealogists Quarterly, Family Tree Magazine, and other publications. He has been an instructor at the inaugural genetic genealogy courses at the Institute of Genealogy and Historical Research (IGHR), Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy (SLIG), Genealogical Research Institute of Pittsburgh (GRIP), Virtual Institute of Genealogical Research, Family Tree University, and Excelsior College (Albany, NY). He is a former editor of the Journal of Genetic Genealogy, and a co-coordinator of the ad hoc Genetic Genealogy Standards Committee. In 2015, he became an alumnus of ProGen Study Group 21 and was elected to the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society’s Board of Trustees.
Blaine was born and raised in Ellisburg, NY, where his ancestors have lived for more than two hundred years, and is the father of two boys. You can find Blaine at <www.blainebettinger.com> and on Twitter @blaine_5.
Acknowledgments
When I took my first DNA test in 2003—or when I started blogging about DNA in 2007—I had no idea that it would lead to so many incredible opportunities, including this book. My rewarding relationship with Family Tree Magazine began in 2009, and I am deeply indebted to the entire team at F+W, past and present, including Diane Haddad, Tyler Moss, Allison Dolan, Andrew Koch, Vanessa Wieland, and everyone else. The guidance, advice, and encouragement I received from F+W throughout this process made everything possible. Thank you.
Thank you to 23andMe <www.23andme.com>, AncestryDNA <dna.ancestry.com>, Family Tree DNA <www.familytreedna.com>, GEDmatch <www.gedmatch.com>, and DNAGedcom <www.dnagedcom.com> for everything you do for the community, and for allowing me to use screenshots for the book.
Thank you to my wonderful friends and colleagues in the genealogical community, who encourage me and inspire me on a daily basis. In particular, thank you to my fellow institute instructors CeCe Moore, Debbie Parker Wayne, and Angie Bush, from whom I’ve learned so much. And my sincere appreciation to the many genetic genealogists and educators all around the world who collaborate, share, and debate issues great and small in order to move our understanding of genetic genealogy forward every day.
Thank you to my middle school English teacher, Mrs. Briant, who unknowingly but irreversibly changed my world with a simple assignment to fill out a family tree. It’s an assignment I’ll be working on for the rest of my life.
Thank you to my parents, brothers, and sister who have supported and encouraged my genealogy addiction for decades now, and have even spit for a DNA test or two. The biggest thank you, of course, goes to Elijah and Logan. They sacrifice so much so that I can travel, teach, lecture, and write. Someday I hope they look back and remember not a missed evening here or there, but that I was doing what I loved and that they should do the same.
The Family Tree Guide to DNA Testing and Genetic Genealogy. Copyright (C) 2016 by Blaine T. Bettinger. All rights reserved. No part of this eBook may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. Published by Family Tree Books, an imprint of F+W Media, Inc., 10151 Carver Road, Suite 200, Blue Ash, OH 45242. (800) 289-0963. First Edition. The names, products, trademarks, and services associated with Ancestry.com, 23andMe, Family Tree DNA, GEDmatch, and DNAGedcom are properties of their respective owners. The content of this eBook has been thoroughly reviewed for accuracy; however, the author and publisher disclaim any liability for any damages or losses that may result from the misuse of any product or information presented herein. Readers should note that websites featured in this work may have changed between when the book was written and when it was read; always verify the most recent information.
Other fine Family Tree Books products are available from your local bookstore or online supplier. For more genealogy resources, visit <www.shopfamilytree.com>.
eISBN: 9781440345395
Tables
|
Component |
Description |
|
Nucleotide |
The building block of DNA, it comes in four types that pair up in specific ways: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine |
|
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
A double-stranded molecule comprising two entwined strings of millions of different nucleotides |
|
Gene |
A region of DNA along a chromosome that encodes for a functional product such as a protein |
|
Chromosome |
A highly organized double helix of two DNA molecules |
|
Chromosome pair |
Two complementary chromosomes, one inherited from each parent |
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|
Relationship |
23andMe |
AncestryDNA |
Family Tree DNA |
|
Closer than second cousin |
100% |
100% |
>99% |
|
Second cousin |
>99% |
100% |
>99% |
|
Third cousin |
~90% |
98% |
>90% |
|
Fourth cousin |
~45% |
71% |
>50% |
|
Fifth cousin |
~15% |
32% |
>10% |
|
Sixth cousin or greater |
<5% |
<11% |
<2% |
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|
Mutation |
What It Means |
|
263G |
Unlike the reference sequence, the tested mtDNA has a G (guanine) at position 263. |
|
A263G |
The tested mtDNA replaced the A (adenine) at position 263 of the reference sequence with a G (guanine). |
|
309.1C |
Compared to the reference sequence, the tested mtDNA has an extra C (cytosine) after nucleotide 309. |
|
309.2C |
Compared to the reference sequence, the tested mtDNA has a second extra C (cytosine) after nucleotide 309. |
|
522- |
The tested mtDNA is missing the nucleotide found at position 522 in reference sequence. |
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|
Symbol |
Meaning |
|
B |
C or G or T |
|
D |
A or G or T |
|
H |
A or C or T |
|
K |
G or T |
|
M |
A or C |
|
N |
G or A or T or C |
|
R |
A or G |
|
S |
C or G |
|
U |
U |
|
V |
A or C or G |
|
W |
A or T |
|
X |
G or A or T or C |
|
Y |
C or T |
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|
Type of Match |
mtDNA Region Compared at Family Tree DNA |
Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor |
|
HVR1 exact match |
16,001–16,569 (HVR1) |
50-percent chance of common ancestor within about fifty-two generations (1,300 years) |
|
HVR1 & HVR2 exact match |
16,001–16,569 (HVR1) and 1–574 (HVR2) |
50-percent chance of common ancestor within about twenty-eight generations (700 years) |
|
Full Sequence exact match |
16,001–16,569 (HVR1) 1–574 (HVR2) 575–16,000 (Coding Region) |
95-percent chance of common ancestor within about twenty-two generations (550 years) |
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|
Mary Smith’s mtDNA Descendant |
Jane Smith’s mtDNA Descendant |
Prudence Smith’s mtDNA Descendant |
|
73A |
73A |
73A |
|
146T |
146T |
146T |
|
315.1C |
315.1C |
315.1C |
|
16129G |
- |
16129G |
|
16223C |
- |
16223C |
|
- |
16311T |
- |
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|
DYS# |
393 |
390 |
19 |
391 |
385 |
426 |
388 |
439 |
389I |
392 |
389II |
|
Repeats |
14 |
23 |
15 |
11 |
11-15 |
11 |
13 |
12 |
13 |
13 |
29 |
|
Estimated haplogroup is R1b1b |
|||||||||||
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|
Haplogroup |
SNP Results |
Terminal SNP |
|
R1b1a2a1a1 |
M269+ L23+ L151+ U106+ L277- |
R-U106 |
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|
Name |
DYS# |
393 |
390 |
19 |
391 |
385a |
385b |
426 |
388 |
439 |
|
Thaddeus Alden |
Results |
14 |
22 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
15 |
11 |
13 |
9 |
|
Thomas Alden |
Results |
14 |
23 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
15 |
11 |
12 |
9 |
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|
Name |
DYS# |
393 |
390 |
19 |
391 |
385a |
385b |
426 |
388 |
439 |
|
Thaddeus Alden |
Results |
14 |
23 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
15 |
11 |
13 |
9 |
|
Thomas Alden |
Results |
14 |
23 |
15 |
11 |
11 |
17 |
11 |
13 |
9 |
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|
37 Y-STR Markers |
67 Y-STR Markers |
111 Y-STR Markers |
Interpretation |
|
|
Genetic Distance |
||||
|
Very Tightly Related |
0 |
0 |
0 |
The relatedness between the two test-takers is extremely close, and few people find or test a cousin at this genetic distance. |
|
Tightly Related |
1 |
1–2 |
1–2 |
The relatedness between the two test-takers is very close, and few people find or test a cousin at this genetic distance. |
|
Related |
2–3 |
3–4 |
3–5 |
The relatedness between the two test-takers is within the range of most well-established surname lineages in Western Europe, but finding a common ancestor might be challenging. |
|
More Distantly Related |
4 |
5–6 |
6–7 |
Without additional evidence, it is unlikely that the two test-takers share a common ancestor within a genealogically relevant time frame. |
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|
Genetic Distance |
Name |
Most Distant Ancestor |
Y-DNA Haplogroup |
Terminal SNP |
|
0 |
Roger Davis |
Joshua Davis, b. c. 1765 MD |
R-L1 |
|
|
0 |
Philip Davis |
Joshua Davis, b. c. 1765 MD |
R-L1 |
|
|
1 |
Frederick Davis |
Nathaniel Davis, b. 1772 MD |
R-P25 |
P25 |
|
2 |
John Thomas |
R-L1 |
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|
DYS# |
393 |
390 |
19 |
391 |
385a |
385b |
426 |
388 |
439 |
|
Philip’s Descendant |
13 |
24 |
14 |
10 |
11 |
14 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
Joseph’s Descendant |
13 |
24 |
14 |
10 |
11 |
14 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
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|
Paternal Grandfather |
Paternal Grandmother |
Maternal Grandfather |
Maternal Grandmother |
|
|
Expected |
25.0% |
25.0% |
25.0% |
25.0% |
|
Grandson 1 |
28.0% |
22.0% |
26.6% |
23.4% |
|
Grandson 2 |
23.7% |
26.3% |
17.7% |
32.3% |
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|
rsID |
Chromosome |
Position |
Result |
|
rs3094315 |
1 |
752566 |
AA |
|
rs12124819 |
1 |
776546 |
AG |
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|
23andMe |
AncestryDNA |
Family Tree DNA |
|
|
<customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/202907230-The-probability-of-detecting-different-types-of-cousins> |
<dna.ancestry.com/learn> |
<www.familytreedna.com/learn/autosomal-ancestry/universal-dna-matching/probability-relative-share-enough-dna-family-finder-detect> |
|
|
Closer than a Second Cousin |
~100% |
100% |
> 99% |
|
Second Cousin |
>99% |
100% |
> 99% |
|
Third Cousin |
~90% |
98% |
> 90% |
|
Fourth Cousin |
~45% |
71% |
> 50% |
|
Fifth Cousin |
~15% |
32% |
> 10% |
|
Sixth Cousin |
<5% |
11% |
< 5% |
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|
Percentage |
cMs Shared |
Relationship |
|
50% |
3400.00 |
Parent/child |
|
50% |
2550.00 |
Siblings (see the Sharing DNA with Siblings sidebar) |
|
25% |
1700.00 |
Grandfather, grandmother, aunt/uncle/niece/nephew, half-siblings |
|
12.5% |
850.00 |
Great-grandparent, first cousin, great-uncle/aunt, half-uncle/aunt |
|
6.25% |
425.00 |
First cousin once removed |
|
3.125% |
212.50 |
Second cousin |
|
1.563% |
106.25 |
Second cousin once removed |
|
0.781% |
53.13 |
Third cousin |
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|
Segment |
Chromosome |
Start |
End |
cMs |
|
1 |
3 |
10725423 |
18905001 |
9.5 |
|
2 |
11 |
7561324 |
25779385 |
30.1 |
|
3 |
14 |
5037045 |
6709246 |
18.6 |
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|
Chromosome |
Start Location |
End Location |
cMs |
No. of Matching SNPs |
|
1 |
165402360 |
190685868 |
22.36 |
5897 |
|
1 |
234808789 |
247093448 |
24.48 |
3789 |
|
2 |
39940529 |
61792229 |
21.54 |
6500 |
|
3 |
36495 |
10632877 |
25.72 |
4288 |
|
3 |
39812713 |
64231310 |
22.82 |
6100 |
|
4 |
140320206 |
177888785 |
39.99 |
7591 |
|
5 |
14343689 |
26724511 |
12.58 |
2499 |
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|
Percentage |
cMs Shared |
Relationship |
|
25% |
1700 |
Grandparent, uncle/aunt/niece/nephew, half-sibling |
|
12.5% |
850 |
Great-grandparent, first cousin, great-uncle/aunt/niece/nephew, half-uncle/aunt/niece/nephew |
|
6.25% |
425 |
First cousin once removed, half first cousin |
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|
Ethnicity |
Percentage |
|
African |
0% |
|
Asian |
0% |
|
European |
97.5% |
|
Native American |
2.5% |
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|
Person #1 |
Person #2 |
Centimorgan Threshold |
SNP Threshold |
|
Male |
Male |
1 |
200 |
|
Male |
Female |
6 |
600 |
|
Female |
Female |
6 (Half-IBD) |
1200 (Half-IBD) |
|
Female |
Female |
5 (Full-IBD) |
500 (Full-IBD) |
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|
DNA Type |
cM Threshold |
SNP Threshold |
|
atDNA |
7.7 |
500 |
|
X-DNA |
1 |
500 |
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|
Region |
23andMe |
AncestryDNA |
Family Tree DNA |
|
African |
1% |
2% |
0% |
|
Asian |
0% |
2% |
7% |
|
Native American |
3% |
3% |
2% |
|
European |
96% |
93% |
90% |
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|
Continent |
23andMe |
AncestryDNA |
Family Tree DNA |
|
Africa |
Middle Eastern & North African · Middle Eastern · North African Sub-Saharan African · West African · East African · Central & South African |
Africa · Africa North · Africa Southeastern Bantu · Benin/Togo · Ivory Coast/Ghana · Nigeria Africa South-Central Hunter-Gatherers · Cameroon/Congo · Mali · Senegal |
Africa · East Central Africa · North Africa · West Africa · South-Central Africa |
|
America |
Native American (Under Asia) |
Native American |
Native American |
|
Asia |
South Asian East Asian & Native American · East Asian · Korean · Japanese · Chinese · Mongolian · Yakut Southeast Asian |
Asia · Asia South · Asia East · Asia Central West Asia · Middle East · Caucasus · |
Central/South Asian · Central Asia · South Asia · Southeast Asia East Asia · Northeast Asia Middle Eastern · Eastern Middle East Asia Minor |
|
Europe |
Northwest European · British & Irish · Scandinavian · Finnish · French & German Southern European · Sardinian · Italian · Iberian · Balkan Eastern European Ashkenazi |
Great Britain Europe West Ireland Italy/Greece Scandinavia Iberian Peninsula Europe East European Jewish Finland/Northwest Russia |
European · Western and Central Europe · Eastern Europe · Southern Europe · British Isles · Finland and Northern Siberia · Scandinavia · Ashkenazi Diaspora Blended Population Clusters · British Isles, Western & Central Europe · Eastern, Western & Central Europe · Scandinavia, Western & Central Europe · Southern, Western & Central Europe |
|
Oceania |
Oceanian |
Pacific Islander · Melanesia · Polynesia |
(none) |
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|
Genetic Distance |
Name |
Most Distant Ancestor |
|
0 |
George Albro |
Job Albro, b. 1790 Rhode Island |
|
0 |
Victor Albro |
Job Albro, b. 24 May 1790 Rhode Island |
|
1 |
Jameson Albro |
Unknown |
Return to main text
|
Genetic Distance |
Name |
Most Distant Ancestor |
Y-DNA Haplogroup |
Terminal SNP |
|
0 |
Wilhelm Davidson |
Henry Davidson, b. 1790 Va |
R-L1 |
|
|
0 |
Liam Davidson |
Henry Davidson, b. 1790 Va |
R-L1 |
|
|
1 |
James Davidson |
Donald Davidson, b. 1773 Va |
R-P25 |
P25 |
|
2 |
Philip Farah |
R-L1 |
Return to main text
|
Genetic Distance |
Name |
Most Distant Ancestor |
mtDNA Haplogroup |
|
0 |
Jennie Banks |
Nancy Collins, b. 1775 (N.Y.) |
H1 |
|
0 |
Caren West |
Nancy Collins, b. 1775 |
H1 |
|
1 |
Victor Johns |
H1 |
|
|
2 |
Cynthia Nunez |
Nancy (Smith) Collins, b. ~1770 |
H1 |
Return to main text
|
mtDNA |
Y-DNA |
atDNA |
X-DNA |
|
|
Types of testing |
· HVR1/HVR2 sequencing: Testing regions of DNA that are more likely to change · Whole-mtDNA sequencing: Testing the full mtDNA strand · SNP testing: Testing specific DNA sites |
· Y-STR testing: Testing short repeated segments of DNA · Y-SNP testing: Testing specific DNA sites |
· SNP testing: Testing specific DNA sites · Whole-genome sequencing:Testing all twenty-three chromosomes |
(SNP testing is part of an atDNA test) |
|
Haplogroup determination? |
Yes |
Yes. Y-DNA test results are used to either estimate (for Y-STR test) or determine (for Y-SNP testing) the test-taker’s paternal haplogroup. |
No |
No |
|
Cousin matching? |
Yes. HVR1/HVR2 and whole-mtDNA sequencing can be used for cousin matching, although random matches may not be meaningful in a genealogically relevant timescale since mtDNA mutates slowly. SNP testing is not used for cousin matching. |
Yes. Y-STR test results are useful for random cousin matching for estimating the number of paternal generations between two matches. Y-SNP testing is not as useful. |
Yes. atDNA test results are useful for random cousin matching and for roughly estimating the number of generations between two matches. |
Yes, although (due to low SNP density and low thresholds) only large segments should be considered (at least 10 cMs, and possibly larger) |
Return to main text
|
23andMe <www.23andme.com> |
AncestryDNA <dna.ancestry.com> |
Family Tree DNA <www.familytreedna.com> |
||
|
General Information |
price |
$199 |
$99 |
$99 (atDNA); $169 (Y-DNA); $199 (mtDNA) |
|
database size |
more than 1 million profiles |
more than 2 million profiles |
more than 700,000 profiles (atDNA, Y-DNA, and mtDNA combined) |
|
|
estimated message response rate of matches |
low |
medium |
medium |
|
|
subscription required |
no |
yes, for some analysis tools |
no |
|
|
accessibility to customer service |
e-mail only |
phone or e-mail |
phone or e-mail |
|
|
contact your match |
yes, directly |
yes, via e-mail brokering |
yes, directly |
|
|
Genealogy Tools |
search by surname |
yes |
yes |
yes |
|
search by location |
yes |
yes |
yes |
|
|
integrate pedigree with DNA |
no |
yes |
no |
|
|
Genetic Tools |
possible relationship suggested |
yes |
yes |
yes |
|
amount of shared DNA (in centimorgans) |
yes |
yes |
yes |
|
|
chromosome browser |
yes |
no |
yes |
|
|
see other matches shared with a match |
yes |
yes |
yes |
Return to main text
|
THE MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR IS COUSIN NUMBER ONE’S ... |
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THE MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR IS COUSIN NUMBER TWO’S ... |
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parent |
grandparent |
great-grandparent |
great-great-grandparent |
third-great-grandparent |
fourth-great-grandparent |
fifth-great-grandparent |
sixth-great-grandparent |
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|
parent |
siblings |
nephew or niece |
grandnephew or -niece |
great-grandnephew or -niece |
great-great-grandnephew or -niece |
third-great-grandnephew or -niece |
fourth-great-grandnephew or -niece |
fifth-great-grandnephew or -niece |
|
|
grandparent |
nephew or niece |
first cousins |
first cousins once removed |
first cousins twice removed |
first cousins three times removed |
first cousins four times removed |
first cousins five times removed |
first cousins six times removed |
|
|
great-grandparent |
grandnephew or -niece |
first cousins once removed |
second cousins |
second cousins once removed |
second cousins twice removed |
second cousins three times removed |
second cousins four times removed |
second cousins five times removed |
|
|
great-great-grandparent |
great-grandnephew or -niece |
first cousins twice removed |
second cousins once removed |
third cousins |
third cousins once removed |
third cousins twice removed |
third cousins three times removed |
third cousins four times removed |
|
|
third-great-grandparent |
great-great- grandnephew or -niece |
first cousins three times removed |
second cousins twice removed |
third cousins once removed |
fourth cousins |
fourth cousins once removed |
fourth cousins twice removed |
fourth cousins three times removed |
|
|
fourth-great-grandparent |
third-great- grandnephew or -niece |
first cousins four times removed |
second cousins three times removed |
third cousins twice removed |
fourth cousins once removed |
fifth cousins |
fifth cousins once removed |
fifth cousins twice removed |
|
|
fifth-great-grandparent |
fourth-great- grandnephew or -niece |
first cousins five times removed |
second cousins four times removed |
third cousins three times removed |
fourth cousins twice removed |
fifth cousins once removed |
sixth cousins |
sixth cousins once removed |
|
Return to main text
|
Surname |
Soundex Code |
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|
Meaning |
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|
Spelling Variations |
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|
Possible Transcription Errors |
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Return to main text
|
Surname |
Soundex Code |
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|
Meaning |
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|
Spelling Variations |
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|
Possible Transcription Errors |
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Return to main text
|
Surname |
Soundex Code |
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|
Meaning |
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|
Spelling Variations |
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|
Possible Transcription Errors |
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Return to main text
|
Percentage Match |
Centimorgans (CM) |
Relationship |
Notes |
Return to main text
|
Testing Company and Website |
Username of Match |
Estimated Relationship |
Contact Info (If Known) |
Shared Ancestral Places |
Match's Ancestors from Shared Places |
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1 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
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5 |
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6 |
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|
7 |
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|
Shared Surnames |
Match's Relative(s) with That Surname (and Relationship to User) |
Shared Ethnic Origins |
Correspondence with User, Including Dates |
Notes |
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|
1 |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
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5 |
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6 |
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|
7 |
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|
Source # |
Source # |
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|
Full Name of Husband |
Birth Date and Place |
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His Father |
Marriage Date and Place |
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|
His Mother with Maiden Name |
Death Date and Place Burial |
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|
Full Name of Wife |
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|
Her Father |
Birth Date and Place |
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|
Her Mother with Maiden Name |
Death Date and Place Burial |
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|
Other Spouses |
Marriage Date and Place |
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|
Children of This Marriage |
Birth Date and Place |
Death Date, Place and Burial |
Marriage Date, Place and Spouse |
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|
TASK |
DONE? |
RESULT/COMMENTS |
EXPENSES |
Return to main text