Appendix

Thoracic Pathology: A Volume in the High Yield Pathology Series 1st Edition

TABLE 1 Characteristic Features of Five Types of Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation

TABLE 2 Useful IHC Markers for Identifying Metastatic Pediatric Tumors

TABLE 3 Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension

Group I	Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Idiopathic (IPAH) Familial (FPAH) Associated (APAH) with: Collagen vascular diseases Congenital systemic to pulmonary shunts Portal hypertension HIV infection Drugs and toxins (anorexigens, rapeseed oil, cocaine, methamphetamines) Other disorders: thyroid disease, glycogen storage disease, Gaucher disease, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, hemoglobinopathies, myeloproliferative disorders, splenectomy Associated with significant venous or capillary involvement Pulmonary venoocclusive disease Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
Group II	Pulmonary venous hypertension Left-sided atrial or ventricular disease Left-sided valvular heart disease
Group III	Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases or hypoxemia Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Interstitial lung disease Sleep-disordered breathing Alveolar hypoventilation disorders Chronic exposure to high altitude Developmental abnormalities
Group IV	Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thrombotic and/or embolic disease Thromboembolic obstruction of proximal pulmonary arteries Thromboembolic obstruction of distal pulmonary arteries Pulmonary embolism (tumor, parasites, foreign material)
Group V	Miscellaneous Sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangiomatosis, compression of pulmonary vessels (adenopathy, tumor, fibrosing mediastinitis)

TABLE 4 Characteristic Features of Bacterial Pneumonias

	HISTOLOGY	ORGANISM AND SPECIAL STAINS
Lobar and bronchopneumonia	Vascular congestion, alveolar exudate with neutrophils, and bacterial colonies	Gram-positive bacteria much more common than gram-negative bacteria
Aspiration pneumonia	Airway and alveolar neutrophils ± necrosis or abscess	Superficial squames, vegetable material, or skeletal muscle are confirmatory; Gram stain
Tuberculosis	Necrotizing granulomatous lesions, often apical	Acid-fast positive small beaded rods; organisms often present within the necrotic tissue
Atypical mycobacterial infections	Necrotizing granulomatous lesions; may have abundant neutrophils	Acid-fast positive thin beaded rods; organisms mostly intracellular
Actinomycosis	Lung abscess with acute inflammation and necrosis; no granulomas	GMS positive, gram-positive non–acid-fast long-branching filamentous rods; amphophilic crystalline sulfur granules with peripheral eosinophilic deposits (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon) in acutely inflamed areas
Nocardiosis	Lung abscess with necrosis and neutrophils surrounded by organizing pneumonia	GMS positive, gram-positive, weakly acid-fast branching filamentous rods
Legionnaires disease	Airway and alveolar neutrophils and macrophages with prominent karyorrhexis, eosinophilic exudate, and fibrin, often with DAD	Small gram-negative pleomorphic rods; best seen with silver impregnation stains; present within macrophages or extracellularly

DAD, diffuse alveolar damage; GMS, Gomori methenamine silver.

TABLE 5 Characteristic Features of Viral Pneumonias

TABLE 6 Features of Fungal Pneumonias

TABLE 7 Histological Features of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Squamous Dysplasia, and Carcinoma in Situ

TABLE 8 Diagnostic Table for Prediction of Primary Site of Metastatic Carcinoma Using IHC Panel

TABLE 9 Useful Positive IHC Markers for Metastatic Carcinomas from Breast and Female Genital Tract

TABLE 10 Useful Positive and Negative IHC Markers for GI Metastatic Carcinomas

ORGAN	PANEL OF POSITIVE MARKERS	NEGATIVE
Colon	CK20, CDX2, CEA, CA19, CA125, β-catenin	CK7
Stomach	CK7, CDX2, CEA, DPC4
Liver	Hepar1, AFP, canalicular staining with CEA, CD10 and CD13, Arginase	CK7, except fibrolamellar
Pancreas	CA19, CA125, CEA, CK7, CK17	DPC4 (SMAD4)
Biliary tract	CK7, CK20, CEA, villin

AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; CDX2, caudal homeobox transcription factor 2; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; DPC4, deleted in pancreatic carcinoma, locus 4 tumor suppressor gene, also known as SMAD4; GI, gastrointestinal; IHC, immunohistochemical.

TABLE 11 Useful Positive and Negative IHC Markers for GU Metastatic Carcinomas

ORGAN, TUMOR	PANEL OF POSITIVE MARKERS	NEGATIVE
Renal, clear cell	Vimentin, CD10, CAIX, RCC, PAX2, EMA	CK7 (or focal)
Renal, papillary	AMACR, CK7
Bladder	p63, Uroplakin, CK20, Thrombomodulin, HMCK
Prostate	PSA, PAP	CK7, CK20
Testis, seminoma	PLAP, OCT4, CD117, D2-40, SALL4	AE1/AE3, CK7
Testis, EC	PLAP, OCT4, CD30, AE1/AE3, SOX2, SALL4
Testis, YST	PLAP, AFP, AE1/AE3, glypican-3, SALL4	CK7
Testis, Choriocarcinoma	PLAP, hCG, AE1/AE3, SALL4	CK7
Adrenal	Melan-A (clone A103), Inhibin, synaptophysin, Calretinin, Vimentin, SF1	CK, EMA/MUC1, S100, CD10, Hepar1

D2-40, podoplanin; EC, embryonal carcinomas; EMA, epithelial membrane antigen; GU, genitourinary; IHC, immunohistochemical; SALL4, sal-like protein 4; SOX2, SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 protein; YST, yolk-sac tumors.

TABLE 12 Useful Positive and Negative IHC Markers for Head and Neck Metastatic Carcinomas

ORGAN, TUMOR TYPE	PANEL OF POSITIVE MARKERS	NEGATIVE
Thyroid, papillary, and follicular	TTF1, thyroglobulin, HBME, CK19, CK7	CK20
Thyroid, medullary	TTF1, calcitonin, CEA, AE1/3, chromogranin	Thyroglobulin
Thyroid, anaplastic	Pankeratin, vimentin, CEA	TTF1, thyroglobulin
Squamous cell carcinoma	CK5/6, p63	TTF1, CK7/20, CAM5.2
Adenoid cystic carcinoma	EMA, LMWK, SMA, calponin, p63, S100	TTF1
Acinic cell carcinoma	Amylase, transferrin, lactoferrin, CEA	TTF1
Parathyroid carcinoma	PTH	TTF1

CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; EMA, epithelial membrane antigen; HBME, Hector Battifora mesothelial epitope; IHC, immunohistochemical; LMWK, low molecular weight keratin; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SMA, smooth muscle actin.

TABLE 13 Useful IHC Markers for Metastatic Sarcomas

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